1. Agile Software Development Sprint
2. Agile Software Development Process Ppt
3. Agile Software Development Processes

The Agile software development lifecycle is dominated by the iterative process. Each iteration results in the next piece of the software development puzzle - working software and supporting elements, such as documentation, available for use by customers - until the final product is complete. Scrum framework allows you to implement Agile development methodology. Unlike the waterfall software development life cycle, the distinctive feature of Scrum is the iterative process of developing. Development divides into several phases. Each of them results in a ready-to-use product.

Agile software development comprises various approaches to software development under which requirements and solutions evolve through the collaborative effort of self-organizing and cross-functional teams and their customer(s)/end user(s).^[1] It advocates adaptive planning, evolutionary development, early delivery, and continual improvement, and it encourages rapid and flexible response to change.^{[2][further explanation needed]}

The term agile (sometimes written Agile)^[3] was popularized, in this context, by the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.^[4] The values and principles espoused in this manifesto were derived from and underpin a broad range of software development frameworks, including Scrum and Kanban.^[5][6]

While there is much anecdotal evidence that adopting agile practices and values improves the agility of software professionals, teams and organizations, some empirical studies have disputed that evidence.^[7][8]

• 2The Manifesto for Agile Software Development
• 3Overview
• 4Philosophy
• 5Agile software development methods
• 6Experience and adoption
  • 6.1Measuring agility
  • 6.2Common agile software development pitfalls
• 7Agile management

History[edit]

Iterative and incremental development methods can be traced back as early as 1957,^[9] with evolutionary project management^[10][11] and adaptive software development^[12] emerging in the early 1970s^[13].

During the 1990s, a number of lightweight software development methods evolved in reaction to the prevailing heavyweight methods that critics described as overly regulated, planned, and micro-managed. These included: rapid application development (RAD), from 1991;^[14][15] the unified process (UP) and dynamic systems development method (DSDM), both from 1994; Scrum, from 1995; Crystal Clear and extreme programming (XP), both from 1996; and feature-driven development, from 1997. Although these all originated before the publication of the Agile Manifesto, they are now collectively referred to as agile software development methods.^[6] At the same time, similar changes were underway in manufacturing^[16] and aerospace.^[17]

In 2001, these seventeen software developers met at a resort in Snowbird, Utah to discuss these lightweight development methods: Kent Beck, Ward Cunningham, Dave Thomas, Jeff Sutherland, Ken Schwaber, Jim Highsmith, Alistair Cockburn, Robert C. Martin, Mike Beedle, Arie van Bennekum, Martin Fowler, James Grenning, Andrew Hunt, Ron Jeffries, Jon Kern, Brian Marick, and Steve Mellor. Together they published the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.^[4]

In 2005, a group headed by Cockburn and Highsmith wrote an addendum of project management principles, the PM Declaration of Interdependence,^[18] to guide software project management according to agile software development methods.

In 2009, a group working with Martin wrote an extension of software development principles, the Software Craftsmanship Manifesto, to guide agile software development according to professional conduct and mastery.

In 2011, the Agile Alliance created the Guide to Agile Practices (renamed the Agile Glossary in 2016),^[19] an evolving open-source compendium of the working definitions of agile practices, terms, and elements, along with interpretations and experience guidelines from the worldwide community of agile practitioners.

The Manifesto for Agile Software Development[edit]

Agile software development values[edit]

Based on their combined experience of developing software and helping others do that, the seventeen signatories to the manifesto proclaimed that they value:^[4]

• Individuals and Interactions over processes and tools
• Working Software over comprehensive documentation
• Customer Collaboration over contract negotiation
• Responding to Change over following a plan

That is to say, the items on the left are valued more than the items on the right.

As Scott Ambler elucidated:^[20]

• Tools and processes are important, but it is more important to have competent people working together effectively.
• Good documentation is useful in helping people to understand how the software is built and how to use it, but the main point of development is to create software, not documentation.
• A contract is important but is no substitute for working closely with customers to discover what they need.
• A project plan is important, but it must not be too rigid to accommodate changes in technology or the environment, stakeholders' priorities, and people's understanding of the problem and its solution.

Some of the authors formed the Agile Alliance, a non-profit organization that promotes software development according to the manifesto's values and principles. Introducing the manifesto on behalf of the Agile Alliance, Jim Highsmith said,

The Agile movement is not anti-methodology, in fact many of us want to restore credibility to the word methodology. We want to restore a balance. We embrace modeling, but not in order to file some diagram in a dusty corporate repository. We embrace documentation, but not hundreds of pages of never-maintained and rarely-used tomes. We plan, but recognize the limits of planning in a turbulent environment. Those who would brand proponents of XP or SCRUM or any of the other Agile Methodologies as 'hackers' are ignorant of both the methodologies and the original definition of the term hacker.

Agile software development principles[edit]

The Manifesto for Agile Software Development is based on twelve principles:^[22]

1. Customer satisfaction by early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
2. Welcome changing requirements, even in late development.
3. Deliver working software frequently (weeks rather than months)
4. Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers
5. Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted
6. Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (co-location)
7. Working software is the primary measure of progress
8. Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace
9. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design
10. Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential
11. Best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams
12. Regularly, the team reflects on how to become more effective, and adjusts accordingly

Overview[edit]

Iterative, incremental and evolutionary[edit]

Most agile development methods break product development work into small increments that minimize the amount of up-front planning and design. Iterations, or sprints, are short time frames (timeboxes) that typically last from one to four weeks. Each iteration involves a cross-functional team working in all functions: planning, analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing. At the end of the iteration a working product is demonstrated to stakeholders. This minimizes overall risk and allows the product to adapt to changes quickly.^[23] An iteration might not add enough functionality to warrant a market release, but the goal is to have an available release (with minimal bugs) at the end of each iteration.^[24] Multiple iterations might be required to release a product or new features. Working software is the primary measure of progress.^[22]

Efficient and face-to-face communication[edit]

The principle of co-location is that co-workers on the same team should be situated together to better establish the identity as a team and to improve communication.^[25] This enables face-to-face interaction, ideally in front of a whiteboard, that reduces the cycle time typically taken when questions and answers are mediated through phone, persistent chat, wiki, or email.^[26]

No matter which development method is followed, every team should include a customer representative ('Product Owner' in Scrum). This person is agreed by stakeholders to act on their behalf and makes a personal commitment to being available for developers to answer questions throughout the iteration. At the end of each iteration, stakeholders and the customer representative review progress and re-evaluate priorities with a view to optimizing the return on investment (ROI) and ensuring alignment with customer needs and company goals.

In agile software development, an information radiator is a (normally large) physical display located prominently near the development team, where passers-by can see it. It presents an up-to-date summary of the product development status.^[27][28] A build light indicator may also be used to inform a team about the current status of their product development.

Very short feedback loop and adaptation cycle[edit]

A common characteristic in agile software development is the daily stand-up (also known as the daily scrum). In a brief session, team members report to each other what they did the previous day toward their team's iteration goal, what they intend to do today toward the goal, and any roadblocks or impediments they can see to the goal.^[29]

Quality focus[edit]

Specific tools and techniques, such as continuous integration, automated unit testing, pair programming, test-driven development, design patterns, behavior-driven development, domain-driven design, code refactoring and other techniques are often used to improve quality and enhance product development agility.^[30] This is predicated on designing and building quality in from the beginning and being able to demonstrate software for customers at any point, or at least at the end of every iteration.^[31]

Philosophy[edit]

Compared to traditional software engineering, agile software development mainly targets complex systems and product development with dynamic, non-deterministic and non-linear characteristics. Accurate estimates, stable plans, and predictions are often hard to get in early stages, and confidence in them is likely to be low. Agile practitioners will seek to reduce the leap-of-faith that is needed before any evidence of value can be obtained.^[32] Requirements and design are held to be emergent. Big up-front specifications would probably cause a lot of waste in such cases, i.e., are not economically sound. These basic arguments and previous industry experiences, learned from years of successes and failures, have helped shape agile development's favor of adaptive, iterative and evolutionary development.^[33]

Adaptive vs. predictive[edit]

Development methods exist on a continuum from adaptive to predictive.^[34] Agile software development methods lie on the adaptive side of this continuum. One key of adaptive development methods is a rolling wave approach to schedule planning, which identifies milestones but leaves flexibility in the path to reach them, and also allows for the milestones themselves to change.^[35]

Adaptive methods focus on adapting quickly to changing realities. When the needs of a project change, an adaptive team changes as well. An adaptive team has difficulty describing exactly what will happen in the future. The further away a date is, the more vague an adaptive method is about what will happen on that date. An adaptive team cannot report exactly what tasks they will do next week, but only which features they plan for next month. When asked about a release six months from now, an adaptive team might be able to report only the mission statement for the release, or a statement of expected value vs. cost.

Predictive methods, in contrast, focus on analysing and planning the future in detail and cater for known risks. In the extremes, a predictive team can report exactly what features and tasks are planned for the entire length of the development process. Predictive methods rely on effective early phase analysis and if this goes very wrong, the project may have difficulty changing direction. Predictive teams often institute a change control board to ensure they consider only the most valuable changes.

Risk analysis can be used to choose between adaptive (agile or value-driven) and predictive (plan-driven) methods.^[36]Barry Boehm and Richard Turner suggest that each side of the continuum has its own home ground, as follows:^[37]

Agile vs. waterfall[edit]

One of the differences between agile software development methods and waterfall is the approach to quality and testing. In the waterfall model, there is always a separate testing phase after a build phase; however, in agile software development testing is completed in the same iteration as programming.

Another difference is that traditional 'waterfall' software development moves a project through various Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) phases. One phase is completed in its entirety before moving on to the next phase.

Because testing is done in every iteration—which develops a small piece of the software—users can frequently use those new pieces of software and validate the value. After the users know the real value of the updated piece of software, they can make better decisions about the software's future. Having a value retrospective and software re-planning session in each iteration—Scrum typically has iterations of just two weeks—helps the team continuously adapt its plans so as to maximize the value it delivers. This follows a pattern similar to the PDCA cycle, as the work is planned, done, checked (in the review and retrospective), and any changes agreed are acted upon.

This iterative approach supports a product rather than a project mindset. This provides greater flexibility throughout the development process; whereas on projects the requirements are defined and locked down from the very beginning, making it difficult to change them later. Iterative product development allows the software to evolve in response to changes in business environment or market requirements.^[38]

Because of the short iteration style of agile software development, it also has strong connections with the lean startup concept.

Code vs. documentation[edit]

In a letter to IEEE Computer, Steven Rakitin expressed cynicism about agile software development, calling it 'yet another attempt to undermine the discipline of software engineering' and translating 'working software over comprehensive documentation' as 'we want to spend all our time coding. Remember, real programmers don't write documentation.'^[39]

This is disputed by proponents of agile software development, who state that developers should write documentation if that is the best way to achieve the relevant goals, but that there are often better ways to achieve those goals than writing static documentation.^[40]Scott Ambler states that documentation should be 'just barely good enough' (JBGE),^[41] that too much or comprehensive documentation would usually cause waste, and developers rarely trust detailed documentation because it's usually out of sync with code,^[40] while too little documentation may also cause problems for maintenance, communication, learning and knowledge sharing. Alistair Cockburn wrote of the Crystal Clear method:

Crystal considers development a series of co-operative games, and intends that the documentation is enough to help the next win at the next game. The work products for Crystal include use cases, risk list, iteration plan, core domain models, and design notes to inform on choices..however there are no templates for these documents and descriptions are necessarily vague, but the objective is clear, just enough documentation for the next game. I always tend to characterize this to my team as: what would you want to know if you joined the team tomorrow.

Agile software development methods[edit]

Agile software development methods support a broad range of the software development life cycle.^[43] Some focus on the practices (e.g., XP, pragmatic programming, agile modeling), while some focus on managing the flow of work (e.g., Scrum, Kanban). Some support activities for requirements specification and development (e.g., FDD), while some seek to cover the full development life cycle (e.g., DSDM, RUP).

Notable agile software development frameworks include:

Agile software development practices[edit]

Agile software development is supported by a number of concrete practices, covering areas like requirements, design, modeling, coding, testing, planning, risk management, process, quality, etc. Some notable agile software development practices include:^[44]

Method tailoring[edit]

In the literature, different terms refer to the notion of method adaptation, including 'method tailoring', 'method fragment adaptation' and 'situational method engineering'. Method tailoring is defined as:

A process or capability in which human agents determine a system development approach for a specific project situation through responsive changes in, and dynamic interplays between contexts, intentions, and method fragments.

Situation-appropriateness should be considered as a distinguishing characteristic between agile methods and more plan-driven software development methods, with agile methods allowing product development teams to adapt working practices according to the needs of individual products.^[46][45] Potentially, most agile methods could be suitable for method tailoring,^[43] such as DSDM tailored in a CMM context.^[47] and XP tailored with the Rule Description Practices (RDP) technique.^[48][49] Not all agile proponents agree, however, with Schwaber noting 'that is how we got into trouble in the first place, thinking that the problem was not having a perfect methodology. Efforts [should] center on the changes [needed] in the enterprise'.^[50] Bas Vodde reinforced this viewpoint, suggesting that unlike traditional, large methodologies that require you to pick and choose elements, Scrum provides the basics on top of which you add additional elements to localise and contextualise its use.^[51] Practitioners seldom use system development methods, or agile methods specifically, by the book, often choosing to omit or tailor some of the practices of a method in order to create an in-house method.^[52]

In practice, methods can be tailored using various tools. Generic process modeling languages such as Unified Modeling Language can be used to tailor software development methods. However, dedicated tools for method engineering such as the Essence Theory of Software Engineering of SEMAT also exist.^[53]

Large-scale, offshore and distributed[edit]

Agile software development has been widely seen as highly suited to certain types of environments, including small teams of experts working on greenfield projects,^[37][54]:157 and the challenges and limitations encountered in the adoption of agile software development methods in a large organization with legacy infrastructure are well-documented and understood.^[55]

In response, a range of strategies and patterns has evolved for overcoming challenges with large-scale development efforts (>20 developers)^[56][57] or distributed (non-colocated) development teams,^[58][59] amongst other challenges; and there are now several recognised frameworks that seek to mitigate or avoid these challenges.

• Scaled agile framework (SAFe),^[60] Dean Leffingwell et al
• Disciplined agile delivery (DAD), Scott Ambleret al
• Large-scale scrum (LeSS), Craig Larman and Bas Vodde
• Nexus (scaled professional Scrum),^[61]Ken Schwaber
• Scrum at Scale,^[62]Jeff Sutherland, Alex Brown
• Enterprise Scrum,^[63]Mike Beedle
• Setchu (Scrum-based lightweight framework),^[64] Michael Ebbage
• Xscale^[65]
• Agile path^[66]
• Holistic Software Development ^[67]

There are many conflicting viewpoints on whether all of these are effective or indeed fit the definition of agile development, and this remains an active and ongoing area of research.^[56][68]

When agile software development is applied in a distributed setting (with teams dispersed across multiple business locations), it is commonly referred to as distributed agile development. The goal is to leverage the unique benefits offered by each approach. Distributed development allow organizations to build software by strategically setting up teams in different parts of the globe, virtually building software round-the-clock (more commonly referred to as follow-the-sun model). On the other hand, agile development provides increased transparency, continuous feedback and more flexibility when responding to changes.

Regulated domains[edit]

Agile software development methods were initially seen as best suitable for non-critical product developments, thereby excluded from use in regulated domains such as medical devices, pharmaceutical, financial, nuclear systems, automotive, and avionics sectors, etc. However, in the last several years, there have been several initiatives for the adaptation of agile methods for these domains.^{[69][70][71][72][73]}

There are numerous standards that may apply in regulated domains, including ISO 26262, ISO 9000, ISO 9001, and ISO/IEC 15504.A number of key concerns are of particular importance in regulated domains:^[74]

• Quality assurance (QA): Systematic and inherent quality management underpinning a controlled professional process and reliability and correctness of product.
• Safety and security: Formal planning and risk management to mitigate safety risks for users and securely protecting users from unintentional and malicious misuse.
• Traceability: Documentation providing auditable evidence of regulatory compliance and facilitating traceability and investigation of problems.
• Verification and Validation (V&V): Embedded throughout the software development process (e.g. user requirements specification, functional specification, design specification, code review, unit tests, integration tests, system tests).

Experience and adoption[edit]

Although agile software development methods can be used with any programming paradigm or language in practice, they were originally closely associated with object-oriented environments such as Smalltalk and Lisp and later Java. The initial adopters of agile methods were usually small to medium-sized teams working on unprecedented systems with requirements that were difficult to finalize and likely to change as the system was being developed. This section describes common problems that organizations encounter when they try to adopt agile software development methods as well as various techniques to measure the quality and performance of agile teams.^[75]

Measuring agility[edit]

The best agile practitioners have always emphasized thorough engineering principles. As a result, there are a number of best practices and tools for measuring the performance of agile software development and teams.

Internal assessments[edit]

The Agility measurement index, amongst others, rates developments against five dimensions of product development (duration, risk, novelty, effort, and interaction).^[76][77] Other techniques are based on measurable goals^[78] and one study suggests that velocity can be used as a metric of agility.^[79] There are also agile self-assessments to determine whether a team is using agile software development practices (Nokia test,^[80] Karlskrona test,^[81] 42 points test).^[82]

Public surveys[edit]

One of the early studies reporting gains in quality, productivity, and business satisfaction by using agile software developments methods was a survey conducted by Shine Technologies from November 2002 to January 2003.^[83]

A similar survey, the State of Agile, is conducted every year starting in 2006 with thousands of participants from around the software development community. This tracks trends on the benefits of agility, lessons learned, and good practices. Each survey has reported increasing numbers saying that agile software development helps them deliver software faster; improves their ability to manage changing customer priorities; and increases their productivity.^[84] Surveys have also consistently shown better results with agile product development methods compared to classical project management.^[85][86] In balance, there are reports that some feel that agile development methods are still too young to enable extensive academic research of their success.^[87]

Common agile software development pitfalls[edit]

Organizations and teams implementing agile software development often face difficulties transitioning from more traditional methods such as waterfall development, such as teams having an agile process forced on them.^[88] These are often termed agile anti-patterns or more commonly agile smells. Below are some common examples:

Lack of overall product design[edit]

A goal of agile software development is to focus more on producing working software and less on documentation. This is in contrast to waterfall models where the process is often highly controlled and minor changes to the system require significant revision of supporting documentation. However, this does not justify completely doing without any analysis or design at all. Failure to pay attention to design can cause a team to proceed rapidly at first but then to have significant rework required as they attempt to scale up the system. One of the key features of agile software development is that it is iterative. When done correctly design emerges as the system is developed and commonalities and opportunities for re-use are discovered.^[89]

Adding stories to an iteration in progress[edit]

In agile software development, stories (similar to use case descriptions) are typically used to define requirements and an iteration is a short period of time during which the team commits to specific goals.^[90] Adding stories to an iteration in progress is detrimental to a good flow of work. These should be added to the product backlog and prioritized for a subsequent iteration or in rare cases the iteration could be cancelled.^[91]

This does not mean that a story cannot expand. Teams must deal with new information, which may produce additional tasks for a story. If the new information prevents the story from being completed during the iteration, then it should be carried over to a subsequent iteration. However, it should be prioritized against all remaining stories, as the new information may have changed the story's original priority.

Lack of sponsor support[edit]

Agile software development is often implemented as a grassroots effort in organizations by software development teams trying to optimize their development processes and ensure consistency in the software development life cycle. By not having sponsor support, teams may face difficulties and resistance from business partners, other development teams and management. Additionally, they may suffer without appropriate funding and resources.^[92] This increases the likelihood of failure.^[93]

Insufficient training[edit]

A survey performed by VersionOne found respondents cited insufficient training as the most significant cause for failed agile implementations^[94] Teams have fallen into the trap of assuming the reduced processes of agile software development compared to other methodologies such as waterfall means that there are no actual rules for agile software development.^{[citation needed]}

Product owner role is not properly filled[edit]

The product owner is responsible for representing the business in the development activity and is often the most demanding role.^[95]

A common mistake is to have the product owner role filled by someone from the development team. This requires the team to make its own decisions on prioritization without real feedback from the business. They try to solve business issues internally or delay work as they reach outside the team for direction. This often leads to distraction and a breakdown in collaboration.^[96]

Teams are not focused[edit]

Agile software development requires teams to meet product commitments, which means they should focus only on work for that product. However, team members who appear to have spare capacity are often expected to take on other work, which makes it difficult for them to help complete the work to which their team had committed.^[97]

Excessive preparation/planning[edit]

Teams may fall into the trap of spending too much time preparing or planning. This is a common trap for teams less familiar with agile software development where the teams feel obliged to have a complete understanding and specification of all stories. Teams should be prepared to move forward only with those stories in which they have confidence, then during the iteration continue to discover and prepare work for subsequent iterations (often referred to as backlog refinement or grooming).

Problem-solving in the daily standup[edit]

A daily standup should be a focused, timely meeting where all team members disseminate information. If problem-solving occurs, it often can only involve certain team members and potentially is not the best use of the entire team's time. If during the daily standup the team starts diving into problem-solving, it should be set aside until a sub-team can discuss, usually immediately after the standup completes. ^[98]

Assigning tasks[edit]

One of the intended benefits of agile software development is to empower the team to make choices, as they are closest to the problem. Additionally, they should make choices as close to implementation as possible, to use more timely information in the decision. If team members are assigned tasks by others or too early in the process, the benefits of localized and timely decision making can be lost.^[99]

Being assigned work also constrains team members into certain roles (for example, team member A must always do the database work), which limits opportunities for cross-training.^[99] Team members themselves can choose to take on tasks that stretch their abilities and provide cross-training opportunities.

Scrum master as a contributor[edit]

Another common pitfall is for a scrum master to act as a contributor. While not prohibited by the Scrum methodology, the scrum master needs to ensure they have the capacity to act in the role of scrum master first and not working on development tasks. A scrum master's role is to facilitate the process rather than create the product.^[100]

Having the scrum master also multitasking may result in too many context switches to be productive. Additionally, as a scrum master is responsible for ensuring roadblocks are removed so that the team can make forward progress, the benefit gained by individual tasks moving forward may not outweigh roadblocks that are deferred due to lack of capacity.^[100]

Lack of test automation[edit]

Due to the iterative nature of agile development, multiple rounds of testing are often needed. Automated testing helps reduce the impact of repeated unit, integration, and regression tests and frees developers and testers to focus on higher value work.^[101]

Test automation also supports continued refactoring required by iterative software development. Allowing a developer to quickly run tests to confirm refactoring has not modified the functionality of the application may reduce the workload and increase confidence that cleanup efforts have not introduced new defects.

Allowing technical debt to build up[edit]

Focusing on delivering new functionality may result in increased technical debt. The team must allow themselves time for defect remediation and refactoring. Technical debt hinders planning abilities by increasing the amount of unscheduled work as production defects distract the team from further progress.^[102]

As the system evolves it is important to refactor as entropy of the system naturally increases.^[103] Over time the lack of constant maintenance causes increasing defects and development costs.^[102]

Attempting to take on too much in an iteration[edit]

A common misconception is that agile software development allows continuous change, however an iteration backlog is an agreement of what work can be completed during an iteration.^[104] Having too much work-in-progress (WIP) results in inefficiencies such as context-switching and queueing.^[105] The team must avoid feeling pressured into taking on additional work.^[106]

Fixed time, resources, scope, and quality[edit]

Agile software development fixes time (iteration duration), quality, and ideally resources in advance (though maintaining fixed resources may be difficult if developers are often pulled away from tasks to handle production incidents), while the scope remains variable. The customer or product owner often push for a fixed scope for an iteration. However, teams should be reluctant to commit to the locked time, resources and scope (commonly known as the project management triangle). Efforts to add scope to the fixed time and resources of agile software development may result in decreased quality.^[107]

Developer burnout[edit]

Due to the focused pace and continuous nature of agile practices, there is a heightened risk of burnout among members of the delivery team.^[108]

Agile management[edit]

The term agile management is applied to an iterative, incremental method of managing the design and build activities of engineering, information technology and other business areas that aim to provide new product or service development in a highly flexible and interactive manner, based on the principles expressed in the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.^[109]

Agile X techniques may also be called extreme project management. It is a variant of iterative life cycle^[110] where deliverables are submitted in stages. The main difference between agile and iterative development is that agile methods complete small portions of the deliverables in each delivery cycle (iteration),^[111] while iterative methods evolve the entire set of deliverables over time, completing them near the end of the project. Both iterative and agile methods were developed as a reaction to various obstacles that developed in more sequential forms of project organization. For example, as technology projects grow in complexity, end users tend to have difficulty defining the long-term requirements without being able to view progressive prototypes. Projects that develop in iterations can constantly gather feedback to help refine those requirements.

Agile management also offers a simple framework promoting communication and reflection on past work amongst team members.^[112] Teams who were using traditional waterfall planning and adopted the agile way of development typically go through a transformation phase and often take help from agile coaches who help guide the teams through a smooth transformation. There are typically two styles of agile coaching: push-based and pull-based agile coaching. Agile management approaches have also been employed and adapted to the business and government sectors. For example, within the federal government of the United States, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is employing a collaborative project management approach that focuses on incorporating collaborating, learning and adapting (CLA) strategies to iterate and adapt programming.^[113]

Agile Software Development Sprint

Agile methods are mentioned in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) under the Project Lifecycle definition:

Adaptive project life cycle, a project life cycle, also known as change-driven or agile methods, that is intended to facilitate change and require a high degree of ongoing stakeholder involvement. Adaptive life cycles are also iterative and incremental, but differ in that iterations are very rapid (usually 2-4 weeks in length) and are fixed in time and resources.^[114]

Applications outside software development[edit]

According to Jean-Loup Richet (Research Fellow at ESSEC Institute for Strategic Innovation & Services) 'this approach can be leveraged effectively for non-software products and for project management in general, especially in areas of innovation and uncertainty.' The end result is a product or project that best meets current customer needs and is delivered with minimal costs, waste, and time, enabling companies to achieve bottom line gains earlier than via traditional approaches.^[115]

Agile software development methods have been extensively used for development of software products and some of them use certain characteristics of software, such as object technologies.^[116] However, these techniques can be applied to the development of non-software products, such as computers, motor vehicles,^[117] medical devices, food, clothing, and music.^[118] Agile software development methods have been used in non-development IT infrastructuredeployments and migrations. Some of the wider principles of agile software development have also found application in general management^[119] (e.g., strategy, governance, risk, finance) under the terms business agility or agile business management.

Under an agile business management model, agile software development techniques, practices, principles and values are expressed across five domains.^[120]

1. Integrated customer engagement: to embed customers within any delivery process to share accountability for product/service delivery.
2. Facilitation-based management: adopting agile management models, like the role of Scrum Master, to facilitate the day-to-day operation of teams.
3. Agile work practices: adopting specific iterative and incremental work practices such as Scrum, Kanban, test-driven development or feature-driven development across all business functions (from sales, human resources, finance^[121] and marketing).
4. An enabling organisational structure: with a focus on staff engagement, personal autonomy and outcomes based governance.
5. Applications of agile process (along with DevOps and lean manufacturing), to data analytics, business intelligence, big data, and data science is called DataOps

Agile software development paradigms can be used in other areas of life such as raising children. Its success in child development might be founded on some basic management principles; communication, adaptation, and awareness. In a TED Talk, Bruce Feiler shared how he applied basic agile paradigms to household management and raising children.^[122]

Criticism[edit]

Agile practices can be inefficient in large organizations and certain types of developments.^[123] Many organizations believe that agile software development methodologies are too extreme and adopt a Hybrid approach ^[124] that mixes elements of agile software development and plan-driven approaches.^[125] Some methods, such as dynamic systems development method (DSDM) attempt this in a disciplined way, without sacrificing fundamental principles.

The increasing adoption of agile practices has also been criticized as being a management fad that simply describes existing good practices under new jargon, promotes a one size fits all mindset towards development strategies, and wrongly emphasizes method over results.^[126]

Alistair Cockburn organized a celebration of the 10th anniversary of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development in Snowbird, Utah on 12 February 2011, gathering some 30+ people who had been involved at the original meeting and since. A list of about 20 elephants in the room ('undiscussable' agile topics/issues) were collected, including aspects: the alliances, failures and limitations of agile software development practices and context (possible causes: commercial interests, decontextualization, no obvious way to make progress based on failure, limited objective evidence, cognitive biases and reasoning fallacies), politics and culture.^[127] As Philippe Kruchten wrote:

The agile movement is in some ways a bit like a teenager: very self-conscious, checking constantly its appearance in a mirror, accepting few criticisms, only interested in being with its peers, rejecting en bloc all wisdom from the past, just because it is from the past, adopting fads and new jargon, at times cocky and arrogant. But I have no doubts that it will mature further, become more open to the outside world, more reflective, and therefore, more effective.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Agile Software Development Process Ppt

Further reading[edit]

• Abrahamsson, P.; Salo, O.; Ronkainen, J.; Warsta, J. (2002). 'Agile Software Development Methods: Review and Analysis'. VTT Publications. 478.
• Ashmore, Sondra; Runyan, Kristin (2014). Introduction to Agile Methods. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0321929563.
• Cohen, D.; Lindvall, M.; Costa, P. (2004). 'An introduction to agile methods'. In Zelkowitz, Marvin (ed.). Advances in Software Engineering. Advances in Computers. 62. Academic Press. pp. 1–66. ISBN978-0-08-047190-7.
• Dingsøyr, Torgeir; Dybå, Tore; Moe, Nils Brede (2010). Agile Software Development: Current Research and Future Directions. Springer. ISBN978-3-642-12575-1.
• Fowler, Martin (2001). 'Is Design Dead?'. In Succi, Giancarlo; Marchesi, Michele (eds.). Extreme Programming Examined. Addison-Wesley. pp. 3–18. ISBN978-0-201-71040-3.
• Larman, Craig; Basili, Victor R. (June 2003). 'Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History'(PDF). IEEE Computer. 36 (3): 47–56. doi:10.1109/MC.2003.1204375.
• Casagni, Michelle; Benito, Robert; Mayfield, Dr Kathleen M.; Northern, Carlton (8 September 2013). 'Handbook for Implementing Agile in Department of Defense Information Technology Acquisition'. The Mitre Corporation. MITRE.
• Moran, Alan (2015). Managing Agile: Strategy, Implementation, Organisation and People. Springer. ISBN978-3-319-16262-1.
• Riehle, Dirk. 'A Comparison of the Value Systems of Adaptive Software Development and Extreme Programming: How Methodologies May Learn From Each Other'. In Succi & Marchesi 2001
• Shore, James; Warden, Shane (2008). The Art of Agile Development. O'Reilly Media. ISBN978-0-596-52767-9.
• Stephens, M.; Rosenberg, D. (2003). Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP. Apress. ISBN978-1-59059-096-6.

External links[edit]

• The New MethodologyMartin Fowler's description of the background to agile methods

In software engineering, a software development process is the process of dividing software development work into distinct phases to improve design, product management, and project management. It is also known as a software development life cycle (SDLC). The methodology may include the pre-definition of specific deliverables and artifacts that are created and completed by a project team to develop or maintain an application.^[1]

Most modern development processes can be vaguely described as agile. Other methodologies include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and incremental development, spiral development, rapid application development, and extreme programming.

Some people^[who?] consider a life-cycle 'model' a more general term for a category of methodologies and a software development 'process' a more specific term to refer to a specific process chosen by a specific organization. For example, there are many specific software development processes that fit the spiral life-cycle model. The field is often considered a subset of the systems development life cycle.

• 2Practices
• 3Methodologies

History[edit]

The software development methodology (also known as SDM) framework didn't emerge until the 1960s. According to Elliott (2004) the systems development life cycle (SDLC) can be considered to be the oldest formalized methodology framework for building information systems. The main idea of the SDLC has been 'to pursue the development of information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, requiring each stage of the life cycle––from inception of the idea to delivery of the final system––to be carried out rigidly and sequentially'^[2] within the context of the framework being applied. The main target of this methodology framework in the 1960s was 'to develop large scale functional business systems in an age of large scale business conglomerates. Information systems activities revolved around heavy data processing and number crunching routines'.^[2]

Methodologies, processes, and frameworks range from specific proscriptive steps that can be used directly by an organization in day-to-day work, to flexible frameworks that an organization uses to generate a custom set of steps tailored to the needs of a specific project or group. In some cases a 'sponsor' or 'maintenance' organization distributes an official set of documents that describe the process. Specific examples include:

1970s

• Structured programming since 1969
• Cap Gemini SDM, originally from PANDATA, the first English translation was published in 1974. SDM stands for System Development Methodology

1980s

• Structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM) from 1980 onwards

1990s

• Object-oriented programming (OOP) developed in the early 1960s, and became a dominant programming approach during the mid-1990s
• Rapid application development (RAD), since 1991
• Dynamic systems development method (DSDM), since 1994
• Scrum, since 1995
• Team software process, since 1998
• Rational Unified Process (RUP), maintained by IBM since 1998
• Extreme programming, since 1999

2000s

• Agile Unified Process (AUP) maintained since 2005 by Scott Ambler
• Disciplined agile delivery (DAD) Supersedes AUP

2010s

• Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe)
• Large-Scale Scrum (LeSS)

It is notable that since DSDM in 1994, all of the methodologies on the above list except RUP have been agile methodologies - yet many organisations, especially governments, still use pre-agile processes (often waterfall or similar). Software process and software quality are closely interrelated; some unexpected facets and effects have been observed in practice ^[3]

Since the early 2000s scaling agile delivery processes has become the biggest challenge for teams using agile processes.^[4]

Among these another software development process has been established in open source. The adoption of these best practices known and established processes within the confines of a company is called inner source.

Agile Software Development Processes

Practices[edit]

Several software development approaches have been used since the origin of information technology, in two main categories^{[citation needed]}. Typically an approach or a combination of approaches is chosen by management or a development team^{[citation needed]}.

'Traditional' methodologies such as waterfall that have distinct phases are sometimes known as software development life cycle (SDLC) methodologies^{[citation needed]}, though this term could also be used more generally to refer to any methodology. A 'life cycle' approach with distinct phases is in contrast to Agile approaches which define a process of iteration, but where design, construction, and deployment of different pieces can occur simultaneously^{[citation needed]}.

Continuous integration[edit]

Continuous integration is the practice of merging all developer working copies to a shared mainline several times a day.^[5]Grady Booch first named and proposed CI in his 1991 method,^[6] although he did not advocate integrating several times a day. Extreme programming (XP) adopted the concept of CI and did advocate integrating more than once per day – perhaps as many as tens of times per day.

Prototyping[edit]

Software prototyping is about creating prototypes, i.e. incomplete versions of the software program being developed.

The basic principles are:^[1]

• Prototyping is not a standalone, complete development methodology, but rather an approach to try out particular features in the context of a full methodology (such as incremental, spiral, or rapid application development (RAD)).
• Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process.
• The client is involved throughout the development process, which increases the likelihood of client acceptance of the final implementation.
• While some prototypes are developed with the expectation that they will be discarded, it is possible in some cases to evolve from prototype to working system.

A basic understanding of the fundamental business problem is necessary to avoid solving the wrong problems, but this is true for all software methodologies.

Incremental development[edit]

Various methods are acceptable for combining linear and iterative systems development methodologies, with the primary objective of each being to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process.

There are three main variants of incremental development:^[1]

1. A series of mini-Waterfalls are performed, where all phases of the Waterfall are completed for a small part of a system, before proceeding to the next increment, or
2. Overall requirements are defined before proceeding to evolutionary, mini-Waterfall development of individual increments of a system, or
3. The initial software concept, requirements analysis, and design of architecture and system core are defined via Waterfall, followed by incremental implementation, which culminates in installing the final version, a working system.

Rapid application development[edit]

Rapid application development (RAD) is a software development methodology, which favors iterative development and the rapid construction of prototypes instead of large amounts of up-front planning. The 'planning' of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself. The lack of extensive pre-planning generally allows software to be written much faster, and makes it easier to change requirements.

The rapid development process starts with the development of preliminary data models and business process models using structured techniques. In the next stage, requirements are verified using prototyping, eventually to refine the data and process models. These stages are repeated iteratively; further development results in 'a combined business requirements and technical design statement to be used for constructing new systems'.^[7]

The term was first used to describe a software development process introduced by James Martin in 1991. According to Whitten (2003), it is a merger of various structured techniques, especially refers to a group of software development methodologies based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve via collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. The term was coined in the year 2001 when the Agile Manifesto was formulated.

Agile software development uses iterative development as a basis but advocates a lighter and more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches. Agile processes fundamentally incorporate iteration and the continuous feedback that it provides to successively refine and deliver a software system.

There are many agile methodologies, including:

• Dynamic systems development method (DSDM)

Waterfall development[edit]

The waterfall model is a sequential development approach, in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through several phases, typically:

• Requirements analysis resulting in a software requirements specification
• Integration, if there are multiple subsystems
• Deployment (or Installation)

The first formal description of the method is often cited as an article published by Winston W. Royce^[8] in 1970 although Royce did not use the term 'waterfall' in this article. Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model.^[9]

The basic principles are:^[1]

• Project is divided into sequential phases, with some overlap and splashback acceptable between phases.
• Emphasis is on planning, time schedules, target dates, budgets and implementation of an entire system at one time.
• Tight control is maintained over the life of the project via extensive written documentation, formal reviews, and approval/signoff by the user and information technology management occurring at the end of most phases before beginning the next phase. Written documentation is an explicit deliverable of each phase.

The waterfall model is a traditional engineering approach applied to software engineering. A strict waterfall approach discourages revisiting and revising any prior phase once it is complete. This 'inflexibility' in a pure waterfall model has been a source of criticism by supporters of other more 'flexible' models. It has been widely blamed for several large-scale government projects running over budget, over time and sometimes failing to deliver on requirements due to the Big Design Up Front approach. Except when contractually required, the waterfall model has been largely superseded by more flexible and versatile methodologies developed specifically for software development. See Criticism of Waterfall model.

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Spiral development[edit]

In 1988, Barry Boehm published a formal software system development 'spiral model,' which combines some key aspect of the waterfall model and rapid prototyping methodologies, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts. It provided emphasis in a key area many felt had been neglected by other methodologies: deliberate iterative risk analysis, particularly suited to large-scale complex systems.

The basic principles are:^[1]

• Focus is on risk assessment and on minimizing project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process, as well as providing the opportunity to evaluate risks and weigh consideration of project continuation throughout the life cycle.
• 'Each cycle involves a progression through the same sequence of steps, for each part of the product and for each of its levels of elaboration, from an overall concept-of-operation document down to the coding of each individual program.'^[10]
• Each trip around the spiral traverses four basic quadrants: (1) determine objectives, alternatives, and constraints of the iteration; (2) evaluate alternatives; Identify and resolve risks; (3) develop and verify deliverables from the iteration; and (4) plan the next iteration.^[11]
• Begin each cycle with an identification of stakeholders and their 'win conditions', and end each cycle with review and commitment.^[12]

Offshore development[edit]

Offshore custom software development aims at dispatching the software development process over various geographical areas to optimize project spending by capitalizing on countries with lower salaries and operating costs. Geographically distributed teams can be integrated at any point of the software development process through custom hybrid models.^[13]

Other[edit]

Other high-level software project methodologies include:

• Behavior-driven development and business process management^[14]
• Chaos model - The main rule is always resolve the most important issue first.
• Incremental funding methodology - an iterative approach
• Lightweight methodology - a general term for methods that only have a few rules and practices
• Structured systems analysis and design method - a specific version of waterfall
• Slow programming, as part of the larger Slow Movement, emphasizes careful and gradual work without (or minimal) time pressures. Slow programming aims to avoid bugs and overly quick release schedules.
• V-Model (software development) - an extension of the waterfall model
• Unified Process (UP) is an iterative software development methodology framework, based on Unified Modeling Language (UML). UP organizes the development of software into four phases, each consisting of one or more executable iterations of the software at that stage of development: inception, elaboration, construction, and guidelines. Many tools and products exist to facilitate UP implementation. One of the more popular versions of UP is the Rational Unified Process (RUP).

Process meta-models[edit]

Some 'process models' are abstract descriptions for evaluating, comparing, and improving the specific process adopted by an organization.

• ISO/IEC 12207 is the international standard describing the method to select, implement, and monitor the life cycle for software.
• The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is one of the leading models and based on best practice. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced CMM.
• ISO 9000 describes standards for a formally organized process to manufacture a product and the methods of managing and monitoring progress. Although the standard was originally created for the manufacturing sector, ISO 9000 standards have been applied to software development as well. Like CMMI, certification with ISO 9000 does not guarantee the quality of the end result, only that formalized business processes have been followed.
• ISO/IEC 15504Information technology — Process assessment also known as Software Process Improvement Capability Determination (SPICE), is a 'framework for the assessment of software processes'. This standard is aimed at setting out a clear model for process comparison. SPICE is used much like CMMI. It models processes to manage, control, guide and monitor software development. This model is then used to measure what a development organization or project team actually does during software development. This information is analyzed to identify weaknesses and drive improvement. It also identifies strengths that can be continued or integrated into common practice for that organization or team.
• ISO/IEC 24744Software Engineering — Metamodel for Development Methodologies, is a powertype-based metamodel for software development methodologies.
• SPEM 2.0 by the Object Management Group
• Soft systems methodology - a general method for improving management processes
• Method engineering - a general method for improving information system processes

In practice[edit]

A variety of such frameworks have evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses. One software development methodology framework is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects. Each of the available methodology frameworks are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project and team considerations.^[1]

Software development organizations implement process methodologies to ease the process of development. Sometimes, contractors may require methodologies employed, an example is the U.S. defense industry, which requires a rating based on process models to obtain contracts. The international standard for describing the method of selecting, implementing and monitoring the life cycle for software is ISO/IEC 12207.

A decades-long goal has been to find repeatable, predictable processes that improve productivity and quality. Some try to systematize or formalize the seemingly unruly task of designing software. Others apply project management techniques to designing software. Large numbers of software projects do not meet their expectations in terms of functionality, cost, or delivery schedule - see List of failed and overbudget custom software projects for some notable examples.

Organizations may create a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG), which is the focal point for process improvement. Composed of line practitioners who have varied skills, the group is at the center of the collaborative effort of everyone in the organization who is involved with software engineering process improvement.

A particular development team may also agree to programming environment details, such as which integrated development environment is used, and one or more dominant programming paradigms, programming style rules, or choice of specific software libraries or software frameworks. These details are generally not dictated by the choice of model or general methodology.

See also[edit]

• Computer-aided software engineering (some of these tools support specific methodologies)

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefgCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Office of Information Service (2008). Selecting a development approach. Webarticle. United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Re-validated: March 27, 2008. Retrieved 27 Oct 2008.
2. ^ ^abGeoffrey Elliott (2004) Global Business Information Technology: an integrated systems approach. Pearson Education. p.87.
3. ^Suryanarayana, Girish (2015). 'Software Process versus Design Quality: Tug of War?'. IEEE Software. 32 (4): 7–11. doi:10.1109/MS.2015.87.
4. ^saeeda, Hina; Khalid, Hannan; Ahmed, Mukhtar; Sameer, Abu; Arif, Fahim (2015-09-01). 'Systematic Literature Review of Agile Scalability for Large Scale Projects'. ResearchGate. 6 (9). CiteSeerX10.1.1.695.4994. doi:10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060908. ISSN2156-5570.
5. ^'Continuous Integration'.
6. ^Booch, Grady (1991). Object Oriented Design: With Applications. Benjamin Cummings. p. 209. ISBN9780805300918. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
7. ^ ^abWhitten, Jeffrey L.; Lonnie D. Bentley, Kevin C. Dittman. (2003). Systems Analysis and Design Methods. 6th edition. ISBN0-256-19906-X.
8. ^Wasserfallmodell > Entstehungskontext, Markus Rerych, Institut für Gestaltungs- und Wirkungsforschung, TU-Wien. Accessed on line November 28, 2007.
9. ^Conrad Weisert, Waterfall methodology: there's no such thing!
10. ^Barry Boehm (1996)., 'A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement'. In: ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (ACM) 11(4):14-24, August 1986
11. ^Richard H. Thayer, Barry W. Boehm (1986). Tutorial: software engineering project management. Computer Society Press of the IEEE. p.130
12. ^Barry W. Boehm (2000). Software cost estimation with Cocomo II: Volume 1.
13. ^Stephanie Overby (1 October 2012). '7 Tips to Offshore Agile Development'. Cio.com. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
14. ^Lübke, Daniel; van Lessen, Tammo (2016). 'Modeling Test Cases in BPMN for Behavior-Driven Development'. IEEE Software. 33 (5): 15–21. doi:10.1109/MS.2016.117.

External links[edit]

• Selecting a development approach at cms.hhs.gov.
• Gerhard Fischer, 'The Software Technology of the 21st Century: From Software Reuse to Collaborative Software Design', 2001