• Old Monopoly Game Price
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• Old Monopoly Game Worth
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Dating early Monopoly games is done by the patent numbers and cities listed on the labels. Most early games can be dated within a few years using these label elements. Canadian Monopoly games were introduced in 1936 and closely resembled the U.S. Games with the different varieties. Now on Board Game Geek Kingmaker seems to be going for more like $40-$50 if it has all of the pieces. Board Game Geek usually has a pretty good grasp on how much a game is worth since the site is for board game enthusiasts so they generally have a good idea of what the game is worth. The 1935 Parker Brothers original Monopoly Game—the No. 7 Black Box—is the ultimate Parker Brothers Monopoly game for collectors. It has the Parker Brothers name and the Trade Mark label on the boxes. An estimated 25,000 games were produced. Any game that dates between 1934 and 1954 is difficult to find and therefore fetches a higher price. Get the best deal for 1935 Monopoly Board & Traditional Games from the largest online selection at eBay.com. Browse your favorite brands affordable prices free shipping on many items. I have a circa 1940 edition worth about $10. The game was so mass produced that there are multi-millions of copies in circulation. They are not rare or valuable. To be worth anything it must be rare. Last year a rare circa 1930 copy still in the original brown paper shipping wrapper sold for several hundred dollars.

Monopoly is a board game currently published by Hasbro. In the game, players roll two six-sided dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties, and developing them with houses and hotels. Players collect rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them into bankruptcy. Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards, and tax squares; players can end up in jail, which they cannot move from until they have met one of several conditions. The game has numerous house rules, and hundreds of different editions exist, as well as many spin-offs and related media. Monopoly has become a part of international popular culture, having been licensed locally in more than 103 countries and printed in more than 37 languages.

Monopoly is derived from The Landlord's Game created by Lizzie Magie in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one where monopolists work under few constraints,^[1] and to promote the economic theories of Henry George—in particular his ideas about taxation.^[3] It was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935. The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity.

• 1History
• 2Board
  • 2.3Post-2005 variations
• 3Equipment
  • 3.5Money
  • 3.6Tokens
• 4Rules
  • 4.1Official rules
• 5Strategy
• 6Related games
  • 6.1Add-ons
• 7Media
• 8Tournaments
• 9Variants

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1903,^[1] when American anti-monopolist Lizzie Magie created a game which she hoped would explain the single tax theory of Henry George. It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. She took out a patent in 1904. Her game, The Landlord's Game, was self-published, beginning in 1906.^[4]

Magie created two sets of rules: an anti-monopolist set in which all were rewarded when wealth was created, and a monopolist set in which the goal was to create monopolies and crush opponents.^[5]

Several variant board games, based on her concept, were developed from 1906 through the 1930s; they involved both the process of buying land for its development and the sale of any undeveloped property. Cardboard houses were added, and rents were increased as they were added to a property. Magie patented the game again in 1923.^[6]

According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor, Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend, Esther Jones, and her husband Charles Darrow came to their house for dinner. After the meal, the Todds introduced Darrow to The Landlord's Game, which they then played several times. The game was entirely new to Darrow, and he asked the Todds for a written set of the rules. After that night, Darrow went on to utilize this and distribute the game himself as Monopoly. Because of this act the Todds refused to speak to Darrow ever again.^[7]

After the game's excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934, Parker Brothers bought the game's copyrights from Darrow.^[8] When the company learned Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, it bought the rights to Magie's patent for just $500.^[9]

Parker Brothers began selling the game on February 6, 1935.^[10] Cartoonist F. O. Alexander contributed the design.^[11] U. S. patent number US 2026082 A was issued to Charles Darrow on December 31, 1935, for the game board design and was assigned to Parker Brothers Inc.^[12] The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City, New Jersey.

1936–1970[edit]

In 1936, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1941, the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis.^[13] Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by fake charity organizations created by the British Secret Service.^[14]

In the Nazi-occupied Netherlands, the German government and its collaborators were displeased with Dutch people using Monopoly Game sets with American or British locales, and developed a version with Dutch locations. Since that version had in itself no specific pro-Nazi elements, it continued in use after the war, and formed the base for Monopoly games used in the Netherlands up to the present.

1970s–1980s[edit]

Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti-Monopoly in 1973, and was sued for trademark infringement by Parker Brothers in 1974. The case went to trial in 1976. Anspach won on appeals in 1979, as the 9th Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic and therefore unenforceable.^[15] The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984.^[16][17] With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent company, Hasbro, continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly. However, Anti-Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them.^[18]

The research that Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped bring the game's history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight.^[15]

Hasbro ownership[edit]

In 1991, Hasbro acquired Parker Bros. and thus Monopoly.^[19] Before the Hasbro acquisition, Parker Bros. acted as a publisher only issuing two versions at a time, a regular and deluxe. Hasbro moved to create and license other versions and involve the public in varying the game.^[20] A new wave of licensed products began in 1994, when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly,^[19][21] which has since been followed by over a hundred more licensees including Winning Moves Games (since 1995)^[22] and Winning Solutions, Inc. (since 2000) in the United States.

In 2003, the company held a national tournament on a chartered train going from Chicago to Atlantic City (see § U.S. National Championship).^[20] Also in 2003, Hasbro sued the maker of Ghettopoly^[23] and won.^[24] In February 2005, the company sued RADGames over their Super Add-On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board.^[25] The judge initially issued an injunction on February 25, 2005, to halt production and sales before ruling in RADGames' favor in April 2005.^[26]

In 2008, the Speed Die was added to all regular Monopoly set.^[22] After polling their Facebook followers, Hasbro Gaming took the top house rules and added them to a House Rule Edition released in the Fall of 2014 and added them as optional rules in 2015.^[27] In January 2017, Hasbro invited Internet users to vote on a new set of game pieces, with this new regular edition to be issued in March 2017.^[28]

On May 1, 2018, the Monopoly Mansion hotel agreement was announced by Hasbro's managing director for South-East Asia, Hong Kong and Taiwan, Jenny Chew Yean Nee with M101 Holdings Sdn Bhd. M101 has the five-star, 225-room hotel, then under construction, located at the M101 Bukit Bintang in Kuala Lumpur and would have a 1920s Gatsby feel. M101's Sirocco Group would manage the hotel when it opens in 2019.^[29]

Board[edit]

The Monopoly game-board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties—twenty-two streets (grouped into eight color groups), four railroads, and two utilities—three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.^[30]

US versions[edit]

There have been some changes to the board since the original. Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as shown in the 1935 patent were used in editions from 1936/1937 onwards.^[31] Graphics with the Mr. Monopoly character (then known as 'Rich Uncle Pennybags') were added in that same time-frame.^[32] A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces, as were the flat purchase prices of the properties. Traditionally, the Community Chest cards were yellow (although they were sometimes printed on blue stock) with no decoration or text on the back; the Chance cards were orange with no text or decoration on the back.^[32]

Hasbro commissioned a major graphic redesign to the U.S. Standard Edition of the game in 2008, with some minor revisions. Among the changes: the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changed from purple to brown, and the colors of the GO square changed from red to black. A flat $200 Income Tax was imposed (formerly the player's choice of $200 or 10% of their total holdings, which they could not calculate until after making their final decision). Originally the amount was $300 but was changed a year after the game's debut,^[33] and the Luxury Tax amount increased to $100 from $75. There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the 'poor tax' and 'grand opera opening' cards became 'speeding fine' and 'it is your birthday', respectively; though their effects remained the same; the player must pay only $50 instead of $150 for the school tax. In addition, a player now gets $50 instead of $45 for sale of stock, and the Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text indicating a player collects $200 if they pass Go on the way there.^[34]

All the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2008 as part of the graphic refresh of the game. Mr. Monopoly's classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3D Mr. Monopoly model. The backs of the cards have their respective symbols, with Community Chest cards in blue, and Chance cards in orange.^[34]

Additionally, recent versions of Monopoly replace the dollar sign ($) with an M with two horizontal strokes through it.^[35]

In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.^[36]Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the Showboat Atlantic City was developed where it once ran.^[37]

Different versions have been created based on various current consumer interests such as: Dog-opoly,^[38]Cato-poly,^[39]Bug-opoly,^[40] and TV/movie games among others.

Marvin Gardens, the farthest yellow property, is a misspelling of its actual name, Marven Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow. It was passed on when their homemade Monopoly board was copied by Darrow and then by Parker Brothers. The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean, and shortened the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line.^[41]It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling of Marvin Gardens, formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens.^[42]

Short Line refers to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City.^[37] The B&O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid-1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

The Baltimore & Ohio (now part of CSX) was the parent of the Reading. There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. & O. and track to the north is Reading. The Central of N.J. did not have a track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading (and granddaughter of the B. & O.) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading-controlled track to Atlantic City.^[43]

The actual 'Electric Company' and 'Water Works' serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.^[37]

UK version[edit]

In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a printing company in Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards.^[44] Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.

Victor Watson, the managing director of Waddingtons, gave the game to his son Norman, head of the card games division, to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning – transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of.^[44] This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside the United States.^[45] Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom, the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations.^[46][44]The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but a building (and the name of the road intersection where it is located). It had been a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s, the inn had become a J. Lyons and Co. tea room (today The Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson, who is also named Victor.^[47]

During World War II, the British Secret Service contacted Waddington (who could also print on silk) to make Monopoly sets that included escape maps, money, a compass and file, all hidden in copies of the game sent by fake POW relief charities to prisoners of war.^[48]

The standard British board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries.

In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions^[49] with sponsored squares. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few W H Smith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the four weeks leading to Christmas. Winning Moves still produces new city and regional editions annually.

The original income tax choice from the 1930s U.S. board is replaced by a flat rate on the UK board, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space, the same as the current German board. In 2008, the U.S. Edition was changed to match the UK and various European editions, including a flat $200 Income Tax value and an increased $100 Luxury Tax amount.^[34]

In cases where a national company produced the game, the $ (dollar) sign replaced the £ (pound), but the place names were unchanged.

Post-2005 variations[edit]

Beginning in the U.K. in 2005, a revised version of the game, titled Monopoly Here and Now, was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with newer equivalents.^[50] Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash – the later U.S. 'Electronic Banking' edition has unbranded debit cards.^[51][52]

The success of the first Here and Now editions prompted Hasbro U.S. to allow online voting for twenty-six landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game-board.^[53] The popularity of this voting, in turn, led to the creation of similar websites, and secondary game-boards per popular vote to be created in the U.K., Canada,^[54] France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations.^[53]

In 2006, Winning Moves Games released the Mega Edition, with a 30% larger game-board and revised game play.^[55] Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per color group) were included, along with a third 'utility', the Gas Company. In addition, $1,000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Card Game) are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City standard edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces.^[56]

This edition was adapted for the U.K. market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves U.K.^[57] After the initial U.S. release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website.^{[citation needed]}

Monopoly Here and Now[edit]

In September 2006, the U.S. edition of Monopoly Here and Now was released. This edition features top landmarks across the U.S.^[58] The properties were decided by votes over the Internet in the spring of 2006.^[59]

Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax (or 10% of their total, as this edition was launched prior to 2008), each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500, etc.).^[58] Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated, the Railroads are replaced by Airports (Chicago O'Hare, Los Angeles International, New York City's JFK, and Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson), and the Utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are replaced by Service Providers (Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider).^[59] The houses and hotels are blue and silver, not green and red as in most editions of Monopoly. The board uses the traditional U.S. layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and 'Interest on Credit Card Debt' replaces 'Luxury Tax'. Despite the updated Luxury Tax space, and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10% option, this edition uses paper Monopoly money, and not an electronic banking unit like the Here and Now World Edition. However, a similar edition of Monopoly, the Electronic Banking edition, does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards, as well as a different set of tokens. Both Here and Now and Electronic Banking feature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition.^[59]

It is also notable that three states (California, Florida, and Texas) are represented by two cities each (Los Angeles and San Francisco, Miami and Orlando, and Dallas and Houston). No other state is represented by more than one city (not including the airports). One landmark, Texas Stadium, has been demolished and no longer exists. Another landmark, Jacobs Field, still exists, but was renamed Progressive Field in 2008.^[60]

In 2015, in honor of the game's 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Here and Now edition of the game. This second edition is more a spin-off as the winning condition has changed to completing your passport instead of bankrupting your opponents. Community Chest is replaced with Here and Now cards while the Here and Now space replaced the railroads. Houses and hotels have been removed.^[61]

Hasbro released a World edition with the top voted cities from all around the world, as well as at least a Here & Now edition with the voted-on U.S. cities.^[62]

Monopoly Empire[edit]

Monopoly Empire has uniquely branded tokens and places based on popular brands. Instead of buying properties, players buy popular brands one by one and slide their billboards onto their Empire towers. Instead of building houses and hotels, players collect rent from their rivals based on their tower height. A player wins by being the first player to fill his or her tower with billboards.^[63] Every space on the board is a brand name, including Xbox, Coca-Cola, McDonald's and Samsung.^[64]

Monopoly Token Madness

This version of Monopoly contains an extra eight 'golden' tokens. That includes a penguin, a television, a race car, a Mr. Monopoly emoji, a rubber duck, a watch, a wheel and a bunny slipper.^[65]

Monopoly Jackpot

During the game, players travel around the gameboard buying properties and collecting rent. If they land on a Chance space, or roll the Chance icon on a die, they can spin the Chance spinner to try to make more money. Players may hit the 'Jackpot', go bankrupt, or be sent to Jail. The player who has the most cash when the bank crashes wins.^[66]

Monopoly: Ultimate Banking Edition

In this version, there is no cash. The Monopoly Ultimate Banking game features an electronic ultimate banking piece with touch technology. Players can buy properties instantly and set rents by tapping. Each player has a bankcard and their cash is tracked by the Ultimate Banking unit. It can scan the game's property cards and boost or crash the market. Event cards and Location spaces replace Chance and Community Chest cards. On an Event Space, rents may be raised or lowered, a player may earn or lose money, or someone could be sent to Jail. Location Spaces allow players to pay and move to any property space on the gameboard.^[67]

Monopoly Voice Banking

In this version, there's no cash or cards. The Voice Banking game allows the player to respond with your voice with the Top Hat. The hat responds by purchasing properties, paying rent, and making buildings.^[68]

Equipment[edit]

All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. A standard set of Monopoly pieces includes:

Cards[edit]

A deck of thirty-two Chance and Community Chest cards (sixteen each) which players draw when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.

Deeds[edit]

A title deed for each property is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rents depending on how developed the property is. Properties include:

• Twenty-two streets divided into eight color groups of two or three streets; a player must own all of a color group to build houses or hotels. Once achieved, color group properties must be improved or 'broken down' evenly. See the section on Rules.
• Four railroads, players collect $25 rent if they own one railroad; $50 for two; $100 for three; $200 for all four. These are usually replaced by railroad stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.
• Two utilities, rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned, but ten times if both are owned. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. Some country editions have a fixed rent for utilities; for example, the Italian editions has a L. 2,000 ($20) rent if one utility is owned, or L. 10,000 ($100) if both are owned.

The purchase price for properties varies from $60 to $400 on a U.S. Standard Edition set.

Dice[edit]

A pair of six-sided dice is included, with a 'Speed Die' added for variation in 2007. The 1999 Millennium Edition featured two jewel-like dice which were the subject of a lawsuit from Michael Bowling, owner of dice maker Crystal Caste.^[69] Hasbro lost the suit in 2008 and had to pay $446,182 in royalties.^[70] Subsequent printings of the game reverted to normal six-sided dice.

Houses and hotels[edit]

32 houses and 12 hotels made of wood or plastic (the original and current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current 'base set' uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. In most editions, houses are green and hotels red.

Money[edit]

Older U.S. standard editions of the game included a total of $15,140 in the following denominations:

• 20 $500 bills (orange)
• 20 $100 bills (beige)
• 30 $50 bills (blue)
• 50 $20 bills (green)
• 40 $10 bills (yellow)
• 40 $5 bills (pink)
• 40 $1 bills (white)

Newer (September 2008 and later) U.S. editions provide a total of $20,580–30 of each denomination instead. The colors of some of the bills are also changed: $10s are now blue instead of yellow, $20s are a brighter green than before, and $50s are now purple instead of blue.

Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1,500 (or 1,500 of a localized currency) in play money ($2,500 with the Speed Die). Before September 2008, the money was divided with greater numbers of 20 and 10-dollar bills. Since then, the U.S. version has taken on the British version's initial cash distributions.

Although the U.S. version is indicated as allowing eight players, the cash distribution shown above is not possible with all eight players since it requires 32 $100 bills and 40 $1 bills. However, the amount of cash contained in the game is enough for eight players with a slight alteration of bill distribution.

International currencies[edit]

Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 'Spielmark' in eight denominations (abbreviated as 'M.'), and later used seven denominations of the 'Deutsche Mark' ('DM.'). In the classic Italian game, each player received L. 350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but L. 50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1,500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. Both Spanish editions (the Barcelona and Madrid editions) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version.

Extra currency[edit]

According to the Parker Brothers rules, Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money it may issue as much as needed 'by merely writing on any ordinary paper'.^[71]However, Hasbro's published Monopoly rules make no mention of this.^[72] Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand. One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found in Monopoly: The Mega Edition and Monopoly: The Card Game, both published by Winning Moves Games, this note is not a standard denomination for 'classic' versions of Monopoly.^[73]

Electronic banking[edit]

In several countries there is also a version of the game that features electronic banking. Instead of receiving paper money, each player receives a plastic bank card that is inserted into a calculator-like electronic device that keeps track of the player's balance.^[74][75]

Tokens[edit]

Classic[edit]

Each player is represented by a small metal or plastic token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two six-sided dice. The number of tokens (and the tokens themselves) have changed over the history of the game with many appearing in special editions only, and some available with non-game purchases. After prints with wood tokens in 1937, a set of eight tokens was introduced.^[76] Two more were added in late 1937,^[76] and tokens changed again in 1942.^[76] During World War II, the game tokens were switched back to wood.^[77] Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden pawns identical to those in Sorry!.^[78] Many of the early tokens were created by companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled for Monopoly usage.^[79] By 1943, there were ten tokens which included the Battleship, Boot, Cannon, Horse and rider, Iron, Racecar, Scottie Dog, Thimble, Top hat, and Wheelbarrow. These tokens remained the same until the late 1990s, when Parker Brothers was sold to Hasbro.

In 1998, a Hasbro advertising campaign asked the public to vote on a new playing piece to be added to the set. The candidates were a 'bag of money', a bi-plane, and a piggy bank. The bag ended up winning 51 percent of the vote compared to the other two which failed to go above 30%.^[76] This new token was added to the set in 1999 bringing the number of tokens to eleven.^[76] Another 1998 campaign poll asked people which monopoly token was their favorite. The most popular was the Race Car at 18% followed by the Dog (16%), Cannon (14%) and Top Hat (10%). The least favorite in the poll was the Wheelbarrow at 3% followed by Thimble (7%) and the Iron (7%).^[76] The 'Cannon', and 'Horse and rider' were both retired in 2000 with no new tokens taking their place.^[80] Another retirement came in 2007 with the sack of money that brought down the total token count to eight again.^[76]

In 2013, a similar promotional campaign was launched encouraging the public to vote on one of several possible new tokens to replace an existing one. The choices were a guitar, a diamond ring, a helicopter, a robot, and a cat.^[81] This new campaign was different than the one in 1998 as one piece was retired and replaced with a new one. Both were chosen by a vote that ran on Facebook from January 8 to February 5, 2013. The cat took the top spot with 31% of the vote over the iron which was replaced.^[82] In January 2017, Hasbro placed the line of tokens in the regular edition with another vote which included a total of 64 options. The eight playable tokens at the time included the Battleship, Boot, Cat, Racecar, Scottie Dog, Thimble, Top hat, and Wheelbarrow. By March 17, 2017, Hasbro retired three tokens which included the thimble, wheelbarrow, and boot, these were replaced by a penguin, a Tyrannosaurus and a rubber duck.^[83]

Special editions[edit]

Over the years Hasbro has released tokens for special or collector's editions of the game. One of the first tokens to come out included a Steam Locomotive which was only released in Deluxe Editions. A Director's Chair token was released in 2011 in limited edition copies of Under the Boardwalk: The Monopoly Story. Shortly after the 2013 Facebook voting campaign, a limited-edition Golden Token set was released exclusively at various national retailers, such as Target in the U.S., and Tesco in the U.K.^[85] The set contained the Battleship, Boot, Iron, Racecar, Scottie Dog, Thimble, Top hat, and Wheelbarrow as well as the iron's potential replacements. These replacement tokens included the cat, the guitar, the diamond ring, the helicopter, and the robot.^[77][82][85] Hasbro released a 64-token limited edition set in 2017 called Monopoly Signature Token Collection to include all of the candidates that were not chosen in the vote held that year.^[86]

Rules[edit]

Official rules[edit]

Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing a piece clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. If a player rolls doubles, they roll again after completing their turn. A player who rolls three consecutive sets of doubles on one turn has been 'caught speeding' and is immediately sent to jail instead of moving the amount shown on the dice for the third roll.

A player who lands on or passes the Go space collects $200 from the bank. Players who land on either Income Tax or Luxury Tax pay the indicated amount to the bank. In older editions of the game, two options were given for Income Tax: either pay a flat fee of $200 or 10% of total net worth (including the current values of all the properties and buildings owned). No calculation could be made before the choice, and no latitude was given for reversing an unwise calculation. In 2008, the calculation option was removed from the official rules, and simultaneously the Luxury Tax was increased to $100 from its original $75. No reward or penalty is given for landing on Free Parking.

.

Properties can only be developed once a player owns all the properties in that color group. They then must be developed equally. A house must be built on each property of that color before a second can be built. Each property within a group must be within one house level of all the others within that group.

Chance/Community Chest[edit]

If a player lands on a Chance or Community Chest space, they draw the top card from the respective deck and follow its instructions. This may include collecting or paying money to the bank or another player or moving to a different space on the board. Two types of cards that involve jail, 'Go to Jail' and 'Get Out of Jail Free', are explained below.

Jail[edit]

A player is sent to jail for doing any of the following:

• Landing directly on 'Go to Jail'
• Throwing three consecutive doubles in one turn
• Drawing a 'Go to Jail' card from Chance or Community Chest

When a player is sent to jail, they move directly to the Jail space and their turn ends ('Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200.'). If an ordinary dice roll (not one of the above events) ends with the player's token on the Jail corner, they are 'Just Visiting' and can move ahead on their next turn without incurring any penalty.

If a player is in jail, they do not take a normal turn and must either pay a fine of $50 to be released, use a Chance or Community Chest Get Out of Jail Free card, or attempt to roll doubles on the dice. If a player fails to roll doubles, they lose their turn. Failing to roll doubles for three consecutive turns requires the player to either pay the $50 fine or use a Get Out of Jail Free card, after which they move ahead according to the total rolled. Players in jail may not buy properties directly from the bank since they are unable to move. They can engage all other transactions, such as mortgaging properties, selling/trading properties to other players, buying/selling houses and hotels, collecting rent, and bidding on property auctions. A player who rolls doubles to leave jail does not roll again; however, if the player pays the fine or uses a card to get out and then rolls doubles, they do take another turn.

Properties[edit]

If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, they can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If they decline this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy.^[87] If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, they must pay the owner a given rent; the amount depends on whether the property is part of a set or its level of development.

When a player owns all the properties in a color group and none of them are mortgaged, they may develop them during their turn or in between other player's turns. Development involves buying miniature houses or hotels from the bank and placing them on the property spaces; this must be done uniformly across the group. That is, a second house cannot be built on any property within a group until all of them have one house. Once the player owns an entire group, they can collect double rent for any undeveloped properties within it. Although houses and hotels cannot be built on railroads or utilities, the given rent increases if a player owns more than one of either type. If there is a housing shortage (more demand for houses to be built than what remains in the bank), then a housing auction is conducted to determine who will get to purchase each house.

Mortgaging[edit]

Properties can also be mortgaged, although all developments on a monopoly must be sold before any property of that color can be mortgaged or traded. The player receives half the purchase price from the bank for each mortgaged property. This must be repaid with 10% interest to clear the mortgage. Houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank for half their purchase price. Players cannot collect rent on mortgaged properties and may not give improved property away to others; however, trading mortgaged properties is allowed. The player receiving the mortgaged property must immediately pay the bank the mortgage price plus 10% or pay just the 10% amount and keep the property mortgaged; if the player chooses the latter, they must pay the 10% again when they pay off the mortgage.

Bankruptcy[edit]

A player who cannot pay what they owe is bankrupt and eliminated from the game. If the bankrupt player owes the bank, they must turn all their assets over to the bank, who then auctions off their properties (if they have any), except buildings. If the debt is owed to another player instead, all assets are given to that opponent, except buildings which must be returned to the bank. The new owner must either pay off any mortgages held by the bank on such properties received or pay a fee of 10% of the mortgaged value to the bank if they choose to leave the properties mortgaged. The winner is the remaining player left after all of the others have gone bankrupt.

If a player runs out of money but still has assets that can be converted to cash, they can do so by selling buildings, mortgaging properties, or trading with other players. To avoid bankruptcy the player must be able to raise enough cash to pay the full amount owed.

A player cannot choose to go bankrupt; if there is any way to pay what they owe, even by returning all their buildings at a loss, mortgaging all their real estate and giving up all their cash, even knowing they are likely going bankrupt the next time, they must do so.

Official Short Game rules[edit]

From 1936, the rules booklet included with each Monopoly set contained a short section at the end providing rules for making the game shorter, including dealing out two Title Deed cards to each player before starting the game, by setting a time limit or by ending the game after the second player goes bankrupt. A later version of the rules included this variant, along with the time limit game, in the main rules booklet, omitting the last, the second bankruptcy method, as a third short game.^[88]

House rules[edit]

Many house rules have emerged for the game since its creation. Well-known is the 'Free Parking jackpot rule', where all the money collected from Income Tax, Luxury Tax, Chance and Community Chest goes to the center of the board instead of the bank. Many people add $500 to start each pile of Free Parking money, guaranteeing a minimum payout. When a player lands on Free Parking, they may take the money. Another rule is that if a player lands directly on Go, they collect double the amount, or $400, instead of $200. House rules that slow or prevent money being returned to the bank in this way may have a side effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment.^[90]

Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. In 2014, Hasbro determined five popular house rules by public Facebook vote, and released a 'House Rules Edition' of the board game. Rules selected include a 'Free Parking' house rule without additional money and forcing players to traverse the board once before buying properties.^[91]

Strategy[edit]

According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, the Orange property group is the best to own because players land on them more often, as a result of the Chance cards 'Go to Jail', 'Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall)', 'Advance to Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station)' and 'Go Back Three Spaces'.^[92]

In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square) (Red), New York Avenue (Vine Street) (Orange), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road) (brown), Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road) (brown), Park Place (Park Lane) (blue), and Oriental Avenue (The Angel Islington) (light blue) are the least-landed-upon properties. Among the property groups, the Railroads are most frequently landed upon, as no other group has four properties; Orange has the next highest frequency, followed by Red.^[93]

End game[edit]

One common criticism of Monopoly is that although it has carefully defined termination conditions, it may take an unlimited amount of time to reach them. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers, is quoted as saying, 'We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around.'^[94]

Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2.3 months).^[95]

Related games[edit]

Add-ons[edit]

Numerous add-ons have been produced for Monopoly, sold independently from the game both before its commercialization and after, with three official ones discussed below:

Stock Exchange[edit]

The original Stock Exchange add-on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. of Rensselaer, New York in early 1936.^[96] It was marketed as an add-on for Monopoly, Finance, or Easy Money games. Shortly after Capitol Novelty introduced Stock Exchange, Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own, slightly redesigned, version as an add-on specifically for their 'new' Monopoly game; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936. The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to 'Advance to Stock Exchange'.^[97]The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and re-released in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. This version included ten new Chance cards (five 'Advance to Stock Exchange' and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five 'Advance to Stock Exchange' and six other related cards; the regular Community Chest card 'From sale of stock you get $45' is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the 'Advance to Stock Exchange' cards to each deck).^{[citation needed]}

A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the U.S.), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built.^[98]

Playmaster[edit]

Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, is an electronic device that keeps track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur; for example when a player lands on a railroad it plays 'I've Been Working on the Railroad', and a police car's siren sounds when a player goes to Jail.^[99]

Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames[edit]

In 2009, Hasbro released two minigames that can be played as stand-alone games or combined with the Monopoly game. In Get Out of Jail, the goal is to manipulate a spade under a jail cell to flick out various colored prisoners. The game can be used as an alternative to rolling doubles to get out of jail.^[100][101] In Free Parking, players attempt to balance taxis on a wobbly board. The Free Parking add-on can also be used with the Monopoly game. When a player lands on the Free Parking, the player can take the Taxi Challenge, and if successful, can move to any space on the board.^[102][103]

Speed Die[edit]

First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third, six-sided die is rolled with the other two, and accelerates game-play when in use.^[104] In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version (also called the Speed Die Edition) of Monopoly with the same die^[105] (originally in blue, later in red). Its faces are: 1, 2, 3, two 'Mr. Monopoly' sides, and a bus. The numbers behave as normal, adding to the other two dice, unless a 'triple' is rolled, in which case the player can move to any space on the board. If 'Mr. Monopoly' is rolled while there are unowned properties, the player advances forward to the nearest one. Otherwise, the player advances to the nearest property on which rent is owed. In the Monopoly: Mega Edition, rolling the bus allows the player to take the regular dice move, then either take a bus ticket or move to the nearest draw card space. Mega rules specifies that triples do not count as doubles for going to jail as the player does not roll again.^[106] Used in a regular edition, the bus (properly 'get off the bus') allows the player to use only one of the two numbered dice or the sum of both, thus a roll of 1, 5, and bus would let the player choose between moving 1, 5, or 6 spaces.^[107] The Speed Die is used throughout the game in the 'Mega Edition', while in the 'Regular Edition' it is used by any player who has passed GO at least once. In these editions it remains optional, although use of the Speed Die was made mandatory for use in the 2009 U.S. and World Monopoly Championship, as well as the 2015 World Championship.^[108]

Spin-offs[edit]

Parker Brothers and its licensees have also sold several spin-offs of Monopoly. These are not add-ons, as they do not function as an addition to the Monopoly game, but are simply additional games with the flavor of Monopoly:

• Advance to Boardwalk board game (1985): Focusing mainly on building the most hotels along the Boardwalk.^[109]
• Don't Go to Jail: Dice game originally released by Parker Brothers; roll combinations of dice to create color groups for points before rolling the words 'GO' 'TO' and 'JAIL' (which forfeits all earned points for the turn).^[110]
• Monopoly Express: A deluxe, travel edition re-release of Don't Go To Jail, replacing the word dice with 'Officer Jones' dice and adding an eleventh die, Houses & Hotels, and a self-contained game container/dice roller & keeper.^[111]
• Express Monopoly card game (1994 U.S., 1995 U.K.): Released by Hasbro/Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the U.K., now out of print. Basically a rummy-style card game based on scoring points by completing color group sections of the game-board.^[112]
• Free Parking card game (1988) A more complex card game released by Parker Brothers, with several similarities to the card game Mille Bornes. Uses cards to either add time to parking meters, or spend the time doing activities to earn points.^[113] Includes a deck of Second Chance cards that further alter game-play. Two editions were made; minor differences in card art and Second Chance cards in each edition.
• Monopoly: The Card Game (2000) an updated card game released by Winning Moves Games under license from Hasbro. Similar, but decidedly more complex, game-play to the Express Monopoly card game.^[114]
• Monopoly City: Game-play retains similar flavor but has been made significantly more complex in this version. The traditional properties are replaced by 'districts' mapped to the previously underutilized real estate in the centre of the board.^[115]
• Monopoly Deal: The most recent card game version of Monopoly. Players attempt to complete three property groups by playing property, cash & event cards.^[116]
• Monopoly Junior board game (first published 1990, multiple variations since): A simplified version of the original game for young children.^[117]
• Monopoly Town by Parker Brothers / Hasbro (2008) a young children's game of racing designed to help them learn to count.^[118]
• The Mad Magazine Game (1979): Gameplay is similar, but the goals and directions often opposite to those of Monopoly; the object is for players to lose all of their money.^[119]

Video games[edit]

Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g., Commodore 64, Macintosh, Windows-based PC, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo Entertainment System, iPad, Genesis, Super NES, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created.^[120] An electronic hand-held version was marketed from 1997 to 2001.^[121]

• Monopoly: The iPhone game designed by Electronic Arts.^[122]
• Monopoly City Streets: An online version, using Google Maps and OpenStreetMap.^[123]
• Monopoly Millionaires: The Facebook game designed by Playfish.^[124]
• Monopoly Streets: A video game played for the Xbox 360, Wii, and PlayStation 3. The video game includes properties now played on a street.^[125]
• Monopoly Tycoon: A game where players build businesses on the properties they own.^[126]
• Monopoly Plus: A game for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 with high definition graphics.^[127]

Gambling games[edit]

Monopoly-themed slot machines and lotteries have been produced by WMS Gaming in conjunction with International Game Technology for land-based casinos.^{[128][129][130]}WagerWorks, who have the online rights to Monopoly, have created online Monopoly themed games.^[131]

London's Gamesys Group have also developed Monopoly-themed gambling games.^[132] The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game.^[133]

There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game Monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game.^[134]

Media[edit]

Commercial promotions[edit]

The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom and United States.^[135]

Television game show[edit]

A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings from June 16 to September 1, 1990, on ABC. The show was produced by Merv Griffin and hosted by Mike Reilly. The show was paired with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament, which also aired during this period on ABC.^[136]

From 2010 to 2014, The Hub aired the game show Family Game Night with Todd Newton. For the first two seasons, teams earned cash in the form of 'Monopoly Crazy Cash Cards' from the 'Monopoly Crazy Cash Corner', which was then inserted to the 'Monopoly Crazy Cash Machine' at the end of the show. In addition, beginning with Season 2, teams won 'Monopoly Party Packages' for winning the individual games. For Season 3, there was a Community Chest. Each card on Mr. Monopoly had a combination of three colors. Teams used the combination card to unlock the chest. If it was the right combination, they advanced to the Crazy Cash Machine for a brand-new car. For the show's fourth season, a new game was added called Monopoly Remix, featuring Park Place and Boardwalk, as well as Income Tax and Luxury Tax.^[137]

To honor the game's 80th anniversary, a game show in syndication on March 28, 2015, called Monopoly Millionaires' Club was launched. It was connected with a multi-state lottery game of the same name and hosted by comedian Billy Gardell from Mike & Molly. The game show was filmed at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino and at Bally's Las Vegas in Las Vegas, with players having a chance to win up to $1,000,000. However, the lottery game connected with the game show (which provided the contestants) went through multiple complications and variations, and the game show last aired at the end of April 2016.^[138][139]

Films[edit]

In November 2008, Ridley Scott was announced to direct Universal Pictures' film version of the game, based on a script written by Pamela Pettler. The film was co-produced by Hasbro's Brian Goldner, as part of a deal with Hasbro to develop movies based on the company's line of toys and games.^[140][141] The story was being developed by author Frank Beddor.^[142] However, Universal eventually halted development in February 2012 then opted out of the agreement and rights reverted to Hasbro.^[143][144]

In October 2012, Hasbro announced a new partnership with production company Emmett/Furla Films, and said they would develop a live-action version of Monopoly, along with Action Man and Hungry Hungry Hippos.^[145] Emmett/Furla/Oasis dropped out of the production of this satire version that was to be directed by Ridley Scott.^[146]

In July 2015, Hasbro announced that Lionsgate will distribute a Monopoly film with Andrew Niccol writing the film as a family-friendly action adventure film^[146] co-financed and produced by Lionsgate and Hasbro's Allspark Pictures.^[147]

In January 2019, it was announced that Allspark Pictures would now be producing an untitled Monopoly film in conjunction with Kevin Hart's company HartBeat Productions and The Story Company^[148]. Hart is attached to star in the film and Tim Story is attached to direct, and no logline or writer for this iteration of the long-gestating project has been announced^[148].

The documentary Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story, covering the history and players of the game, won an Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2010 Anaheim International Film Festival. The film played theatrically in the U.S. beginning in March 2011 and was released on Amazon and iTunes^[149] on February 14, 2012. The television version of the film won four regional Emmy Awards from the Pacific Southwest Chapter of NATAS.^[150] The film is directed by Kevin Tostado and narrated by Zachary Levi.^[151][152]

Tournaments[edit]

U.S. National Championship[edit]

Until 1999, U.S. entrants had to win a state/district/territory competition to represent that state/district/territory at the once every four year national championship. The 1999 U.S. National Tournament had 50 contestants - 49 State Champions (Oklahoma was not represented) and the reigning national champion.^[153]

Qualifying for the National Championship has been online since 2003. For the 2003 Championship, qualification was limited to the first fifty people who correctly completed an online quiz. Out of concerns that such methods of qualifying might not always ensure a competition of the best players, the 2009 Championship qualifying was expanded to include an online multiple-choice quiz (a score of 80% or better was required to advance); followed by an online five-question essay test; followed by a two-game online tournament at Pogo.com. The process was to have produced a field of 23 plus one: Matt McNally, the 2003 national champion, who received a bye and was not required to qualify. However, at the end of the online tournament, there was an eleven-way tie for the last six spots. The decision was made to invite all of those who had tied for said spots. In fact, two of those who had tied and would have otherwise been eliminated, Dale Crabtree of Indianapolis, Indiana, and Brandon Baker, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, played in the final game and finished third and fourth respectively.^[108]

The 2009 Monopoly U.S. National Championship was held on April 14–15 in Washington, D.C. In his first tournament ever, Richard Marinaccio, an attorney from Sloan, New York (a suburb of Buffalo), prevailed over a field that included two previous champions to be crowned the 2009 U.S. National Champion. In addition to the title, Marinaccio took home $20,580—the amount of money in the bank of the board game—and competed in the 2009 World Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada, on October 21–22, where he finished in third place.^[108]

In 2015, Hasbro used a competition that was held solely online to determine who would be the U.S. representative to compete at the 2015 Monopoly World Championship. Interested players took a twenty-question quiz on Monopoly strategy and rules and submitted a hundred-word essay on how to win a Monopoly tournament. Hasbro then selected Brian Valentine of Washington, D.C., to be the U.S. representative.^[154][155]

World Championship[edit]

Hasbro conducts a worldwide Monopoly tournament. The first Monopoly World Championships took place in Grossinger's Resort in New York, in November 1973, but they did not include competitors from outside the United States until 1975. It has been aired in the United States by ESPN. In 2009, forty-one players competed for the title of Monopoly World Champion and a cash prize of $20,580 (USD)—the total amount of Monopoly money in the current Monopoly set used in the tournament.^[108] The most recent World Championship took place September 2015 in Macau. Italian Nicolò Falcone defeated the defending world champion and players from twenty-six other countries.^[156][157]

Variants[edit]

Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in thirty-seven languages.^[161] Most of the variants are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly^[162] and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known 'families' of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced.

Several published games like Monopoly include:

• Anti-Monopoly, one of several games^[163] that are a sort of monopoly backwards.^[18] The name of this game led to legal action between Anti-Monopoly's creator, Ralph Anspach, and the owners of Monopoly.^[18]
• Business, a Monopoly-like game not associated with Hasbro. In this version the 'properties' to be bought are cities of India; Chance and Community Chest reference lists of results printed in the center of the board, keyed to the dice roll; and money is represented by counters, not paper.^[164]
• Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the authoritarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses was abolished and mortgages did not exist, so the monopoly theme was changed to a horse racing theme.^[165]
• Ghettopoly, released in 2003, was the subject of considerable outrage upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer.^[162][166]
• Make Your Own -OPOLY:^[167] This game allows players considerable freedom in customizing the board, money, and rules.
• Matador: The unlicensed Danish version from BRIO with a round board instead of the square one, cars instead of tokens and includes breweries and ferries to buy. The game also has candy and a popular TV series Matador named after it.
• Turism,^[168] a variant sold in Romania.
• Kleptopoly, released in 2017 where users can be like Jho Low. Inspired by the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.^[169]
• Monopoly for Millennials, released by Hasbro in 2018^[170]

Other unlicensed editions include: BibleOpoly, HomoNoPolis and Petropolis, among others.^[24]

Games by locale or theme[edit]

There have been a large number of localized editions, broken down here by region:

• List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Africa and Asia (including the Middle East and South-East Asia but excluding Russia and Turkey)
• List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe (including Russia and Turkey)
• List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: North America (including Central America but excluding the United States of America)
• List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Oceania (Australia and New Zealand)
• List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: USA (including the United States of America and all editions based on commercial brands)

Unauthorized and parody games[edit]

This list is of unauthorized, unlicensed games based on Monopoly:

Middopoly
Memeopolis (Android app)

World editions[edit]

In 2008, Hasbro released Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008.^[173]

Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game uses its own currency unit, the Monopolonian (a game-based take on the Euro; designated by M). The game uses said unit in millions and thousands. As seen below, there is no dark purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown, as in the European version of the game.^{[citation needed]}

It is also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China. No other countries are represented by more than one city.^{[citation needed]}

Of the 68 cities listed on Hasbro Inc.'s website for the vote, Jerusalem was chosen as one of the 20 cities to be featured in the newest Monopoly World Edition.^[174] Before the vote took place, a Hasbro employee in the London office eliminated the country signifier 'Israel' after the city, in response to pressure from pro-Palestinianadvocacy groups.^[175] After the Israeli government protested, Hasbro Inc. issued a statement that read: 'It was a bad decision, one that we rectified relatively quickly. This is a game. We never wanted to enter into any political debate. We apologize to our Monopoly fans.'^[174]

A similar online vote was held in early 2015 for an updated version of the game. The resulting board should be released worldwide in late 2015.^{[needs update]} Lima, Peru won the vote and will hold the Boardwalk space.^[176]

Deluxe editions[edit]

Hasbro sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink.^[177]

In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-chocolate edition of Monopoly through its Christmas Wish Book for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600.^[178]

In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000.^[179] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:

• 18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels
• Rosewood board
• Street names written in gold leaf
• Emeralds around the Chance icon
• Sapphires around the Community Chest
• Rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space
• The money is real, negotiable United States currency

The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced.^[180] This set was designed by artist Sidney Mobell to honor the game's 50th anniversary in 1985, and is now in the Smithsonian Institution.^[181]

Reception[edit]

Wired magazine believes Monopoly is a poorly designed game. Former Wall Streeter Derk Solko explains, 'Monopoly has you grinding your opponents into dust. It's a very negative experience. It's all about cackling when your opponent lands on your space and you get to take all their money.'^[182]

Most of the three to four-hour average playing time is spent waiting for other players to play their turn. 'Board game enthusiasts disparagingly call this a 'roll your dice, move your mice' format.'^[182]

The hobby-gaming community BoardGameGeek is especially critical.^[183] User reviews of Monopoly rank the game among the 20 worst games out of nearly 10,000 ranked in the database with an average rating of 4.422 out of 10.^[184]

Monopoly Metaphors and Idioms[edit]

• Rich Uncle Pennybags, also known as 'Mr. Monopoly', the game's mascot character
• Get Out of Jail Free card, a popular metaphor for something that will get one out of an undesired situation
• Monopoly money, a derisive term to refer to money not really worth anything, or at least not being used as if it is worth anything. It could also allude to colorful currency notes used in some countries.
• 'Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200' is a phrase used in Monopoly that has become widely used in popular culture to describe an action forced upon a person that has only negative results.^[185][186] The phrase comes from the game’s Chance and Community Chest cards, which a player must draw from if they land on specific spaces. Each deck has a card that reads 'GO TO JAIL: Go directly to Jail. Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200.'^[187] Early in the game, going to jail usually hurts a player as it prevents them from moving, which regularly leads to earning $200 from passing Go, and from landing on and buying property, though in the later game, jail prevents them from landing on others' developed property and having to pay rent. The cited phrase, 'Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200', distinguishes the effect from other cards that move players; other cards use the phrasing 'Advance to [a particular location]', which does allow the player to collect $200 if they pass Go during the advance. The phrase is used in popular culture to denote a situation in which there is only one immediate, highly unfavorable, irreversible outcome and has been described as a 'harsh cliche'.^{[188][189][190]}

References[edit]

Notes

1. ^ ^abcPilon, Mary (February 13, 2015). 'Monopoly's Inventor: The Progressive Who Didn't Pass 'Go''. The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
2. ^Burton H. Wolfe (1976). 'The Monopolization of Monopoly: Louis & Fred Thun'. The San Francisco Bay Guardian. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
3. ^Wagner, Erica (June 24, 2015). 'Do not pass go: the tangled roots of Monopoly'. New Statesman.
4. ^Orbanes, Philip E. (2006). Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way. Da Capo Press. p. 22. ISBN0-306-81489-7.
5. ^'The secret history of Monopoly: the capitalist board game's leftwing origins'. The Guardian. April 11, 2015.
6. ^Pilon, Mary (2015). The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World's Favorite Board Game. New York, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 30–41, 67–79, 84–89. ISBN978-1-60819-963-1.
7. ^Pilon 2015, pp. 90–92, 132–133.
8. ^Brady. The Monopoly Book. Page 18.
9. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, pages 100–101.
10. ^'Monopoly board game goes on sale for.. February 6 in History'. BrainyHistory.
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Further reading[edit]

Bibliography

• Doll, Jen. 'An Anti-Capitalist Woman Invented Monopoly and a Man Got All the Credit', The New Republic Feb. 5, 2015 online
• Pilon, Mary, The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World's Favorite Board Game (Bloomsbury, 2015)
• Monopoly as a Markov Process, by R. Ash and R. Bishop, Mathematics Magazine, vol. 45 (1972) pp. 26–29.
• Take a Walk on the Boardwalk, by S. Abbott and M. Richey, College Mathematics Journal, vol. 10, no. 3 (May, 1997) pp. 162–171.
• Anspach, Ralph (2000). The Billion Dollar MONOPOLY Swindle (Second ed.). Xlibris Corporation. ISBN0-7388-3139-5.^{[self-published source]}
• Brady, Maxine (1974). The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game (First hardcover ed.). D. McKay Co. ISBN0-679-20292-7.
• Darzinskis, Kaz (1987). Winning Monopoly: A Complete Guide to Property Accumulation, Cash-Flow Strategy, and Negotiating Techniques When Playing the Best-Selling Board Game (First ed.). Harper & Row, New York. ISBN0-06-096127-9.
• Moore, Tim (2004). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage Books. ISBN0-09-943386-9.
• 'Monopoly launches UK-wide edition'. BBC. September 24, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
• 'Monopoly World Champion'. BBC. January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}
• Reader's Digest: The truth about history (2003) article 'Monopoly on ideas'.

External links[edit]

Old Monopoly Game Price

• Hasbro's Fun Facts page
• worldofmonopoly.comMonopoly history, properties around the world and various editions.
• U.S. Patent 2,026,082 Patent awarded to C. B. Darrow for Monopoly on December 31, 1935
• Atlantic City 150th Anniversary series of articles from the newspaper Courier Post, which describe the streets of Atlantic City that appear on Monopoly
• Online Monopoly Simulator interactive, customizable real-world Monopoly simulator and estimated win percentage generator.
• Monopoly Nerd Blog The strategies, tactics, and math behind Monopoly.
• What The Monopoly Properties Look Like In Real Life « Scouting NY (September 23, 2013)

The board game Monopoly has its origin in the early 20th century. The earliest known version of Monopoly, known as The Landlord's Game, was designed by an American, Elizabeth Magie, and first patented in 1904 but existed as early as 1902.^[1][2] Magie, a follower of Henry George, originally intended The Landlord's Game to illustrate the economic consequences of Ricardo's Law of Economic rent and the Georgist concepts of economic privilege and land value taxation.^[3] A series of board games was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land. By 1933, a board game had been created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its related companies through the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st. Several people, mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast of the United States, contributed to the game's design and evolution.

By the 1970s, the idea that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore; it was printed in the game's instructions for many years,^[4] in a 1974 book devoted to Monopoly,^[5] and was cited in a general book about toys even as recently as 2007.^[6][7] Even a guide to family games published for Reader's Digest in 2003 only gave credit to Darrow and none to Elizabeth Magie, erroneously stating that Magie's original game was created in the 19th century, and not acknowledging any of the game's development between Magie's creation of the game, and the eventual publication by Parker Brothers.^[8]

Also in the 1970s, Professor Ralph Anspach, who had himself published a board game intended to illustrate the principles of both monopolies and trust busting, fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the copyright and trademarks of the Monopoly board game. Through the research of Anspach and others, much of the early history of the game was 'rediscovered' and entered into official United States court records. Because of the lengthy court process, including appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' copyright and trademarks on the game was not settled until 1985. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements; other elements of the game are still protected under copyright law. At the conclusion of the court case, the game's logo and graphic design elements became part of a larger Monopoly brand, licensed by Parker Brothers' parent companies onto a variety of items through the present day. Despite the 'rediscovery' of the board game's early history in the 1970s and 1980s, and several books and journal articles on the subject, Hasbro (which became Parker Brothers' parent company) did not acknowledge any of the game's history before Charles Darrow on its official Monopoly website as recently as June 2012,^[9] nor did they acknowledge anyone other than Darrow in materials published or sponsored by them, at least as recently as 2009.^[10]

International tournaments, first held in the early 1970s, continue to the present, although the last national tournaments and world championship were held in 2009. Starting in 1985, a new generation of spin-off board games and card games appeared on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1989, the first of many video game and computer game editions was published. Since 1994,^[11] many official variants of the game, based on locations other than Atlantic City, New Jersey (the official setting for the North American version) or London (the official Commonwealth setting, excepting Canada), have been published by Hasbro or its licensees. In 2008, Hasbro permanently changed the color scheme and some of the gameplay of the standard U.S. Edition of the game to match the UK Edition, although the U.S. standard edition maintains the Atlantic City property names.^[12] Hasbro also modified the official logo to give the 'Mr. Monopoly' character a 3-D computer-generated look, which has since been adopted by licensees USAopoly (The OP), Winning Moves and Winning Solutions. And Hasbro has also been including the Speed Die, introduced in 2006's Monopoly: The Mega Edition by Winning Moves Games, in versions produced directly by Hasbro (such as the 2009 Championship Edition).^[13][14]

• 2Acquisition by Parker Brothers
• 5End of Parker Brothers' independence
• 6Marketing
• 8Localizations, licenses, and spin-offs
• 9Anti-Monopoly, Inc. vs. General Mills Fun Group, Inc. court case 1976–1985
• 13External links

Game development 1903–1934[edit]

In 1903, GeorgistLizzie Magie applied for a patent on a game called The Landlord's Game with the object of showing that rents enriched property owners and impoverished tenants. She knew that some people would find it hard to understand the logic behind the idea, and she thought that if the rent problem and the Georgist solution to it were put into the concrete form of a game, it might be easier to demonstrate. She was granted the patent for the game in January 1904. The Landlord's Game became one of the first board games to use a 'continuous path', without clearly defined start and end spaces on its board.^[15][16] Another innovation in gameplay attributed to Magie is the concept of 'ownership' of a place on a game board, such that something would happen to the second (or later) player to land on the same space, without the first player's piece still being present.^[16] A copy of Magie's game that she had left at the Georgist community of Arden, Delaware and dating from 1903–1904, was presented for the PBS series History Detectives.^[17] This copy featured property groups, organized by letters, later a major feature of Monopoly as published by Parker Brothers.^[18][19]

Although The Landlord's Game was patented, and some hand-made boards were made, it was not actually manufactured and published until 1906. Magie and two other Georgists established the Economic Game Company of New York, which began publishing her game.^[20] Magie submitted an edition published by the Economic Game Company to Parker Brothers around 1910, which George Parker declined to publish.^[20] In the UK, it was published in 1913 by the Newbie Game Company under the title Brer Fox an' Brer Rabbit.^[21][22] Shortly after the game's formal publication, Scott Nearing, a professor in what was then known as the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania, began using the game as a teaching tool in his classes. His students made their own boards, and taught the game to others.^[23] After Nearing was dismissed from the Wharton School, he began teaching at the University of Toledo. A former student of Nearing, Rexford Guy Tugwell, also taught The Landlord's Game at Wharton, and took it with him to Columbia University.^[24] Apart from commercial distribution, it spread by word of mouth and was played in slightly variant homemade versions over the years by Quakers, Georgists, university students (including students at Smith College, Princeton, and MIT), and others who became aware of it.^[25][26]

A shortened version of Magie's game, which eliminated the second round of play that used a Georgist concept of a single land value tax, had become common during the 1910s, and this variation on the game became known as Auction Monopoly.^[27] The auctioning part of the game came through a rule that auctioned any unowned property to all game players when it was first landed on.^[28] This rule was later dropped by the Quakers, and in the current game of Monopoly an auction takes place only when an unowned property is not purchased outright by the player that first lands on it.^[28][29] That same decade, the game became popular around the community of Reading, Pennsylvania.^[28] Another former student of Scott Nearing, Thomas Wilson, taught the game to his cousin, Charles Muhlenberg, around 1915–1916.^[28] The original patent on The Landlord's Game expired in 1921. By this time, the hand-made games became known simply as Monopoly.^[30][31] Charles Muhlenberg and his wife, Wilma, taught the game to Wilma's brothers, Louis and Ferdinand 'Fred' Thun, in the early 1920s.^[28]

Simultaneous to these events, Magie moved back to Illinois, and married Andrew Phillips.^[32] She moved to the Washington, D.C. area with her husband by 1923, and re-patented a revised version of The Landlord's Game in 1924 (under her married name, Elizabeth Magie Phillips). This version, unlike her first patent drawing, included named streets (though the versions published in 1910 based on her first patent also had named streets). Magie sought to regain control over the plethora of hand-made games.^[33] For her 1924 edition, a couple of streets on the board were named after Chicago streets and locations, notably 'The Loop' and 'Lake Shore Drive'.^[34] This revision also included a special 'monopoly' rule and card that allowed higher rents to be charged when all three railroads and utilities were owned, and included 'chips' to indicate improvements on properties.^[35][36] Magie again approached Parker Brothers about her game, and George Parker again declined, calling the game 'too political'.^[32][37] Parker is, however, credited with urging Magie to take out her 1924 patent.^[32]

After the Thuns learned the game, they began teaching its rules to their fraternity brothers at Williams College around 1926.^[28] Daniel W. Layman, in turn, learned the game from the Thun brothers (who later tried to sell copies of the game commercially, but were advised by an attorney that the game could not be patented, as they were not its inventors).^[28][38] Layman later returned to his hometown of Indianapolis, Indiana, and began playing the game with friends there, ultimately producing hand-made versions of the board based on streets of that city.^[30] Layman then commercially produced and sold the game, starting in 1932, with a friend in Indianapolis, who owned a company called Electronic Laboratories.^[39] This game was sold under the name The Fascinating Game of Finance (later shortened to Finance).^[40] Layman soon sold his rights to the game, which was then licensed, produced and marketed by Knapp Electric.^[41] The published board featured four railroads (one per side), Chance and Community Chest cards and spaces, and properties grouped by symbol, rather than color.^[42][43][44] Also in 1932, one edition of The Landlord's Game was published by the Adgame Company with a new set of rules called Prosperity, also by Magie.^[45]

It was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City.^[46] After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names and railroads, and taught it to a group of local Quakers.^[47] It has been argued that their greatest contribution to the game was to reinstate the original Lizzie Magie rule of 'buying properties at their listed price' rather than auctioning them, as the Quakers did not believe in auctions.^[48][49] Another source states that the Quakers simply 'didn't like the noise of the auctioneering'.^[28] Among the group taught the game by Hoskins were Eugene Raiford and his wife, who took a copy of the game with Atlantic City street names to Philadelphia.^[50] Due to the Raifords' unfamiliarity with streets and properties in Philadelphia,^[50] the Atlantic City-themed version was the one taught to Charles Todd, who in turn taught Esther Darrow, wife of Charles Darrow.^[51] After learning the game, Darrow then began to distribute the game himself as Monopoly and never spoke to the Todds again.^[28] Darrow initially made the sets of the Monopoly game by hand with the help of his first son, William Darrow, and his wife. Their new sets retained Charles Todd's misspelling of 'Marvin Gardens' and the renaming of the Shore Fast Line the Short Line.^[51] Charles Darrow drew the designs with a drafting pen on round pieces of oilcloth,^[52] and then his son and his wife helped fill in the spaces with colors and make the title deed cards and the Chance cards and Community Chest cards. After the demand for the game increased, Darrow contacted a printing company, Patterson and White, which printed the designs of the property spaces on square carton boards. Darrow's game board designs included elements later made famous in the version eventually produced by Parker Brothers, including black locomotives on the railroad spaces, the car on 'Free Parking', the red arrow for 'Go', the faucet on 'Water Works', the light bulb on 'Electric Company', and the question marks on the 'Chance' spaces, though many of the actual icons were created by a hired graphic artist.^[53][54][55] While Darrow received a copyright on his game in 1933, its specimens have disappeared from the files of the United States Copyright Office, though proof of its registration remains.^[56]

Acquisition by Parker Brothers[edit]

Darrow first took the game to Milton Bradley and attempted to sell it as his personal invention. They rejected it in a letter dated May 31, 1934.^[58] After Darrow sent the game to Parker Brothers later in 1934, they rejected the game as 'too complicated, too technical, [and it] took too long to play'.^[59] Darrow received a rejection letter from the firm dated October 19, 1934.^[58] During this time, the '52 design errors' story was invented as a reason why Parker rejected Monopoly, but this has more recently been proven to be part of the Parker-invented 'creation myth' surrounding the game.^[9][60][61]

In early 1935, however, the company heard about the game's excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934 in Philadelphia and at F.A.O. Schwarz in New York City. Robert Barton, President of Parker Brothers, contacted Darrow and scheduled a new meeting in New York City.^[62] On March 18, Parker Brothers bought Darrow's game, helped him take out a patent on it, and purchased his remaining inventory.^[61][63] By April, 1935, the company had learned that Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, but sought out an affidavit by Darrow to repeat his statements to the contrary, and thus bolster their claim to the game.^[28][64] Parker Brothers subsequently decided to buy out Magie's 1924 patent and the copyrights of other commercial variants of the game to claim that it had legitimate undisputed rights to the game.

Robert Barton, president of Parker Brothers, bought the rights to Finance from Knapp Electric later in 1935.^[65][66]Finance would be redeveloped, updated, and continued to be sold by Parker Brothers into the 1970s.^[67] Other board games based on a similar principle, such as a game called Inflation, designed by Rudy Copeland and published by the Thomas Sales Co., in Fort Worth, Texas, also came to the attention of Parker Brothers management in the 1930s, after they began sales of Monopoly.^[68][69] Copeland continued sales of the latter game after Parker Brothers attempted a patent lawsuit against him. Parker Brothers held the Magie and Darrow patents, but settled with Copeland rather than going to trial, since Copeland was prepared to have witnesses testify that they had played Monopoly before Darrow's 'invention' of the game.^[70] The court settlement allowed Copeland to license Parker Brothers' patents.^[71] Other agreements were reached on Big Business by Transogram, and Easy Money by Milton Bradley, based on Daniel Layman's Finance.^[72] Another clone, called Fortune, was sold by Parker Brothers, and became combined with Finance in some editions.^[73]

Monopoly was first marketed on a broad scale by Parker Brothers in 1935. A Standard Edition, with a small black box and separate board, and a larger Deluxe Edition, with a box large enough to hold the board, were sold in the first year of Parker Brothers' ownership. These were based on the two editions sold by Darrow.^[74] Parker Brothers sets were the first to include die-cast metal tokens for playing pieces, initially using a battleship, a cannon, a clothes iron, a shoe, a top hat, and a thimble.^[75] George Parker himself rewrote many of the game's rules, insisting that 'short game' and 'time limit' rules be included.^[76] On the original Parker Brothers board (reprinted in 2002 by Winning Moves Games), there were no icons for the Community Chest spaces (the blue chest overflowing with gold coins came later) and no gold ring on the Luxury Tax space. Nor were there property values printed on spaces on the board. The Income Tax was slightly higher (being $300 or 10%, instead of the later $200 or 10%). Some of the designs known today were implemented at the behest of George Parker.^[76] The Chance cards and Community Chest cards were illustrated (though some prior editions consisted solely of text), but were without 'Rich Uncle Pennybags', who was introduced in 1936.^[75]

Late in 1935, after learning of The Landlord's Game and Finance, Robert Barton held a second meeting with Charles Darrow in Boston. Darrow admitted that he had copied the game from a friend's set, and he and Barton reached a revised royalty agreement, granting Parker Brothers worldwide rights and releasing Darrow from legal costs that would be incurred in defending the origin of the game.^[77]

Licensing outside the United States[edit]

In December 1935, Parker Brothers sent a copy of the game to Victor Watson, Sr. of Waddington Games. Watson and his son Norman tried the game over a weekend, and liked it so much that Waddington took the (then extraordinary) step of making a transatlantic 'trunk call' to Parker Brothers, the first such call made or received by either company.^[78] This impressed Parker Brothers sufficiently that Waddington was granted licensing rights for Europe and the then-British Commonwealth, excluding Canada.^[79] Waddingtons version, their first board game, with locations from London substituted for the original Atlantic City ones, was first produced in 1936.^[80]

The game was very successful in the United Kingdom and France, but the 1936 German edition, published by Schmidt Spiele disappeared from the market within three years. This edition, featuring locations from Berlin, was denounced, allegedly by Joseph Goebbels to the Hitler Youth due to the game's 'Jewish-speculative character'.^[81] It is also alleged that the real reason behind the Nazi denouncement was due to the high-ranking members (i.e. Goebbels, again) who lived on those sections of the game board given the highest property values, and not wanting to be associated with a game.^[82][83] The game last appeared in a pre-World War II Schmidt Spiele catalog in 1938.^[84] A new German edition, with 'generic' street and train station names (i.e., not chosen from a single German city) would not appear until 1953.^[81][85] The 1936 German edition, with the original cards and Berlin locations, was reprinted in 1982 by Parker Brothers and again in 2003 (in a wooden box), and 2011 (in a red metal tin) by Hasbro.^[86][87]

Waddington licensed other editions from 1936 to 1938, and the game was exported from the UK and resold or reprinted in Switzerland, Belgium, Australia, Chile, The Netherlands, and Sweden. In Italy, under the fascists, the game was changed dramatically so that it would have an Italian name, locations in Milan, and major changes in the rules. This was for compliance under Italian law of the period. Italian publishers Editrice Giochi produced the game in Italy until 2009, having held a unique licensing agreement from Parker Brothers and their own copyright dating back to 1935/1936.^[6] As of 2009, Hasbro has taken over the publishing of the game in Italy, but have also, for now, kept the Milan-based properties.^[88]

In Austria, versions of the game first appeared as Business and Spekulation (Speculation), and eventually evolved to become Das Kaufmännische Talent (DKT) (The Businessman's Talent). Versions of DKT have been sold in Austria since 1940. The game first appeared as Monopoly in Austria in about 1981.^[89] The Waddingtons edition was imported into The Netherlands starting in 1937, and a fully translated edition first appeared in 1941.^[90]

Waddingtons later produced special games during World War II which secretly contained files, a compass, a map printed on silk, and real currency hidden amongst the Monopoly money, to enable prisoners of war to escape from German camps.^[91][92] However, this story has come under recent scrutiny and is being disputed.^[93]

Collector Albert C. Veldhuis features a map on his 'Monopoly Lexicon' website showing which versions of the game were remade and distributed in other countries, with the Atlantic City, London, and Paris versions being the most influential.^[94] After World War II, homemade games would sometimes appear behind the Iron Curtain, despite the fact that the game was effectively banned.^[95]Monopoly is cited as the board game played most often and most duplicated via hand made copies in the former German Democratic Republic.^[96] One official version of the game was printed for the Soviet Union by Parker Brothers in 1988.^[97] After the Cold War ended, official editions have been published throughout eastern Europe by Parker, Tonka and Hasbro. Hungary was the first, in 1992,^[98] followed by the Czech Republic and Poland in 1993,^[99][100] Croatia in 1994,^[101] Slovenia in 1996,^[102] Romania and a new edition for Russia in 1997,^[97][103] and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia, all in 2001.^{[104][105][106][107]}

Marketing within the United States in the 1930s[edit]

In 1936, Parker Brothers published four further editions along with the original two: the Popular Edition, Fine Edition, Gold Edition, and Deluxe Edition, with prices ranging from US$2 to US$25 in 1930s money.^[108] After Parker Brothers began to release its first editions of the game, Elizabeth Magie Phillips was profiled in the Washington D.C. Evening Star newspaper, which discussed her two editions of The Landlord's Game.^[109] In December 1936, wary of the Mah-Jongg and Ping-Pong fads that had left unsold inventory stuck in Parker Brothers' warehouse, George Parker ordered a stop to Monopoly production as sales leveled off. However, during the Christmas season, sales picked up again, and continued a resurgence.^[110] In early 1937, as Parker Brothers was preparing to release the board game Bulls and Bears with Darrow's photograph on the box lid (though he had no involvement with the game), a Time magazine article about the game made it seem as if Darrow himself was the sole inventor of both Bulls and Bears and Monopoly:

Parker Brothers' marketing 1940s–1960s[edit]

At the start of World War II, both Parker Brothers and Waddington stockpiled materials they could use for further game production. During the war, Monopoly was produced with wooden tokens in the U.S., and the game's cellophane cover was eliminated.^[111] In the UK, metal tokens were also eliminated, and a special spinner was introduced to take the place of dice. The game remained in print for a time even in the Netherlands, as the printer there was able to maintain a supply of paper.^[112] Elizabeth Magie's second patent on The Landlord's Game expired in September, 1941, and it is believed that after the expiration, she was no longer promoted as an inventor of Monopoly.^[113] The game itself remained popular during the war, particularly in camps, and soldiers playing the game became part of the product's advertising in 1944.^[114]

After the war, sales went from 800,000 a year to over one million. The French and German editions re-entered production, and new editions for Spain, Greece, Finland and Israel were first produced.^[115] By the late 1950s, Parker Brothers printed only game sets with board, pieces and materials housed in a single white box.^[116] Several copies of this edition were exhibited at the American National Exhibition in Moscow in 1959. All of them were stolen from the exhibit.^[117] In the early 1960s, 'Monopoly happenings' began to occur, mostly marathon game sessions, which were recognized by a Monopoly Marathon Records Documentation Committee in New York City.^[118] In addition to marathon sessions, games were played on large indoor and outdoor boards, within backyard pits, on the ceiling in a University of Michigan dormitory room, and underwater.^[119] In 1965, a 30th anniversary set was produced in a special plastic case.^[120]

End of Parker Brothers' independence[edit]

Marketing under General Mills 1968–1985[edit]

Parker Brothers was acquired by General Mills in February 1968.^[121] The first Monopoly edition in Braille is published in 1973.^[122] Also in 1973, as the Atlantic City Commissioner of Public Works considered name changes for Baltic and Mediterranean Avenues, fans of the board game, with support from the president of Parker Brothers, successfully lobbied for the city to keep the names.^[123] After Parker Brothers was taken over by General Mills, the Monopoly license to Waddingtons was renegotiated (as was the Clue/Cluedo license to Parker Brothers/General Mills by Waddingtons).^[124] By 1974, Parker Brothers had sold 80 million sets of the game.^[125] In 1975, another anniversary edition was produced, but this edition came in a cardboard box looking much like a standard edition.^[120] Parker Brothers was under management by General Mills as the first six Monopoly Tournaments were held. See 'The Monopoly Tournaments' below.

Kenner Parker Toys and Kenner Parker Tonka 1985–1991[edit]

Kenner was combined with Parker Brothers and spun off as Kenner Parker Toys in 1985. Regular and Deluxe 50th Anniversary editions of Monopoly were released that same year.^[126] The spinoff game Advance to Boardwalk was first published in 1985. Kenner Parker was acquired by Tonka in 1987. The 1987/1988 Monopoly Tournaments were held under Kenner Parker Tonka management.

In the United Kingdom, Monopoly publisher Waddingtons produced its first non-London edition in 1989, creating a Limited Edition based on Leeds as a charity fundraiser.^[127]

Monopoly (game show)[edit]

In 1990, Merv Griffin Enterprises turned Monopoly into a prime time game show, airing after Super Jeopardy! on Saturday nights on ABC. The program was hosted by Mike Reilly and announced by Charlie O'Donnell.

Marketing[edit]

1990s[edit]

Monopoly Junior was first published in 1990. Kenner Parker Tonka was acquired by Hasbro in 1991. An all-Europe edition was published by Parker Brothers in 1991 for the nations of the then European Communities, using the Ecu (European Currency Unit).^[128] After acquisition by Hasbro, publication of Monopoly in the U.S. ceased at the Parker Brothers plant in Salem, Massachusetts in November 1991.^[126]

In 1994, the license to the company that would become USAopoly was issued, and they produced a San Diego, California edition as their first board. In 1995, a license for new game variations and reprints of Monopoly was granted to Winning Moves Games. See the Localizations, licenses, and spin-offs section below for details on further releases by both companies.

In 1995, a 60th Anniversary edition was released in a gold box.^[129] In late 1998, Hasbro announced a campaign to add an all-new token to U.S. standard edition sets of Monopoly. Voters were allowed to select from a biplane, a piggy bank, and a sack of money — with votes being tallied through a special website, via a toll-free phone number, and at FAO Schwarz stores.

In March 1999, Hasbro announced that the winner was the sack of money (with 51 percent of the vote, compared to 29 percent for the biplane and 20 percent for the piggy bank). Thus, the sack of money became the first new token added to the game since the early 1950s.^[130] In 1999, Hasbro renamed the Rich Uncle Pennybags mascot 'Mr. Monopoly', and released Star Wars: Episode I, Pokémon and Millennium editions of Monopoly.^{[131][132][133]} A second European edition is released in 1999, this time using the Euro as currency, but incorrectly listing Geneva as the capital of Switzerland.^[128]

2000s[edit]

A 65th Anniversary Edition was released in a variation of the white box in 2000.^[134] In 2001, the European Edition is reissued, correcting the mistake of the 1999 printing, and correctly listing Bern as the capital of Switzerland.^[128] In 2005, a 70th Anniversary Edition was released in a silver-metallic tin with a plastic slip case.^[135] Also starting in 2005, various 'Here & Now' editions were released in multiple countries. The first release of this edition was for the UK market, and its success led to the selection of properties for a U.S. edition by online vote. The most popular properties were released on the U.S. 'Here & Now' edition board in 2006. This, in turn, led to a worldwide 'Here & Now' edition (released in 2008), along with other national editions (including a second UK 'Here and Now' edition) with properties selected by online vote.^{[136][137][138]} The main principle of the 'Here & Now' editions was 'What if Monopoly had been invented today?'^[139]

The first changes to the gameplay of the Monopoly game itself occurred with the publication of both the Monopoly Here & Now Electronic Banking Edition by Hasbro UK and Monopoly: The Mega Edition by Winning Moves Games in 2006. The Electronic Banking Edition uses VISA-branded debit cards and a debit card reader for monetary transactions, instead of paper bills.^[140] This edition is available in the UK, Germany, France, Australia and Ireland. A version was released in the U.S. in 2007, albeit without the co-branding by Visa. An electronic counter had been featured in the Stock Exchange editions released in Europe in the early 2000s (decade), and is also a feature of the Monopoly City board game released in 2009.

The Mega Edition has been expanded to include fifty-two spaces (with more street names taken from Atlantic City), skyscrapers (to be played after hotels), train depots, the 1000 denomination of play money, as well as 'bus tickets' and a speed die.^[141] Shortly after the release of Mega Monopoly in 2006, Hasbro adopted the same blue version of the speed die into a special 'Speed Die Edition' of the game. By 2008, the die, now red, became a permanent addition to the game, though its use remains optional there.^[142] In 2009's 'Championship Edition', use of the speed die is mandatory, as it also became mandatory in most of 2009's Monopoly tournaments.

In addition to permanently adding the speed die in 2008, Hasbro also instituted further changes to the United States standard edition of the board, including making Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues a brown color group, making the Income Tax space a flat $200 (removing the 10% option), changing the colors on the GO space from red to black, increasing the Luxury Tax to $100 (from $75), and changing certain of the Community Chest and Chance cards.^[12] The changes in these four areas made the U.S. standard edition more uniform with the UK and modern European editions. In 2009, Winning Moves Games introduced 'The Classic Edition', with a pre-2008 game board and cards, re-inclusion of the 'sack of money' playing piece, and a plain MONOPOLY logo in the center of the board, with neither the 1985 or 2008 version of 'Mr. Monopoly' present.^[143] Also in 2009, Monopoly 'theme packs' entered the retail market, including the Dog Lovers and Sports Fans editions, which include customized money, replacements for houses and hotels, and custom tokens, but no board.

2010s[edit]

In early 2010, Hasbro began selling the Free Parking and Get out of Jail add-on games, which can be played alone or when a player lands on the respective Monopoly board spaces. If played during a Monopoly game, success at either game gets the winning player a 'free taxi ride to any space on the board' or 'out of jail free', respectively.^[144][145] A new, customizable edition called 'U-Build' is also released.^[146] Later in 2010, for the 75th anniversary of the game's publication, Hasbro released Monopoly Revolution, giving the game a graphic redesign, as well as returning it to a round shape, which had not been seen since some of Darrow's 1930s custom-made sets.^[147] The game includes 'bank cards' and keeps track of players' assets electronically, as was introduced in the 'Electronic Banking Edition' earlier in the decade.^[148] The game also features clear plastic playing pieces for movers, and electronic sound effects, triggered by certain events (for instance, a 'jail door slam' sound effect when a player goes to jail). Monopoly Live was announced at the New York Toy Fair in February 2011.^[149] The Monopoly Millionaire version of the game was released in 2012.^[150]

In early 2013, a board game version of the Monopoly Hotels online game was released.^[151] From January 8 to February 5, 2013, through the Monopoly page on Facebook in a campaign called 'Save Your Token', Hasbro took votes from the public to make another permanent change in the lineup of game tokens. The token with the lowest number of 'Save Your Token' votes will be retired, and replaced with one of five other tokens, depending on which of the new candidates gets the most votes. The potential tokens were a robot, a helicopter, a cat, a guitar or a diamond ring.^[152][153] Neither the biplane nor the piggy bank from the 1998 vote are being considered this time. Early on February 6, it was announced that the iron would be retired for having received the fewest votes, and the cat would be replacing it, having received the most votes.^[154] Starting in February 2013, the U.S. discount chain Target began selling a 'Golden Token' set with the eight classic tokens and all five candidates.^[155] Special editions with the thirteen golden tokens have also been released in the UK and France.^[156][157] The first Monopoly game to have the new token lineup was released in June 2013.^[158] In 2015, the game celebrated its 80th anniversary with eight tokens from each decade in a special edition.

Monopoly tournaments 1973–2015[edit]

The first Monopoly tournaments were suggested by Victor Watson of Waddington after the World Chess Championship 1972. Such championships are also held for players of the board game Scrabble. The first European Championship was held in Reykjavík, Iceland, the same site as the 1972 World Chess Championship. Accounts differ as to the eventual winner: Philip Orbanes and Victor Watson^[159] name John Mair, representing Ireland and the eventual World Monopoly Champion of 1975, as also having won the European Championship.^[160]Gyles Brandreth, himself a later European Monopoly Champion, names Pierre Milet, representing France, as the European Champion.^[161] One of the reasons there may be differing accounts of the eventual winner is attributable to a minor controversy with the final game. According to Parker Brothers' Randolph 'Ranny' P. Barton,^[162] an error was made by one of the participants and a protest was filed by an opponent. The judges (Barton, Watson, and a representative from Miro, the French publishers of Monopoly) weighed the options of starting the final game over and delaying the chartered plane that would take them home from Iceland vs allowing the game to stand with the error but allowing them to make their flight. In the end, the judges upheld the result of the game with the error uncorrected.

Victor Watson and Ranny Barton began holding tournaments in the UK and US, respectively. World Champions were declared in the United States in 1973 and 1974 (and are still considered official World Champions by Hasbro). While the 1973 tournament, the first, matched three United States regional champions against the UK champion and thus could be argued as the first international tournament, true multinational international tournaments were first held in 1975.^[163] Both authors (Orbanes and Brandreth) agree that John Mair was the first true World Champion, as decided in tournament play held in Washington, D.C. days after the conclusion of the European Championship (which Mair had also won), in November 1975.^[164]

By 1982, tournaments in the United States featured a competition between tournament winners in all 50 states, competing to become the United States Champion. National tournaments were held in the US and UK the year before World Championships through 2003–2004 but during the same year as of 2009 (see table, below). The determination of the US champion was changed for the 2003 tournament: winners of an Internet-based quiz challenge were selected to compete, rather than one state champion for each of the 50 states.^[165] The tournaments are now typically held every six years. In the past, the US edition Monopoly board was used at the World championship level, while national variants are used at the national level.^[166] Since true international play began in 1975, no World champion has come from the US, still considered the board game's 'birthplace'. However, Dana Terman, two-time US Champion, placed second at the 1980 World Championship, Richard Marinaccio, the 2009 US Champion, placed third at the 2009 World Championship, and Brian Valentine, the 2015 US Representative, placed third at the 2015 World Championship.

Nicolò Falcone of Italy defeated players from 27 countries plus the defending champion in the 2015 World Championship held at The Venetian resort in Macau.^[167][168]

Localizations, licenses, and spin-offs[edit]

The original hand made editions of the Monopoly game had been localized for the cities or areas in which it was played, and Parker Brothers has continued this practice. Their version of Monopoly has been produced for international markets, with the place names being localized for cities including London and Paris and for countries including the Netherlands and Germany, among others. By 1982, Parker Brothers stated that the game 'has been translated into over 15 languages..'.^[182] In 2009, Hasbro reported that Monopoly is officially published in 27 languages, and has been licensed by them in 81 countries.^[183] In 2013, Hasbro stated that the game is now available in 43 languages and 111 countries.^[184]

The game has also inspired official spin-offs, such as the board game Advance to Boardwalk from 1985. There have been six card games: Water Works from 1972, Free Parking from 1988, Express Monopoly from 1993, Monopoly: The Card Game from 1999, Monopoly Deal from 2008 and Monopoly Millionaire Deal from 2012. Finally, there have been two dice games: Don't Go to Jail from 1991 and an update, Monopoly Express, (2006–2007). A second product line of games and licenses exists in Monopoly Junior, first published in 1990. In the late 1980s, official editions of Monopoly appeared for the Sega Master System and the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128.^[185] A television game show, produced by King World Productions, was attempted in the summer of 1990, but lasted for only 12 episodes. In 1991–1992, official versions appeared for the AppleMacintosh and Nintendo's NES, SNES, and Game Boy.^[186] In 1995, as Hasbro (which had taken over Kenner ParkerTonka in 1991) was preparing to launch Hasbro Interactive as a new brand, they chose Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit to be their first two CD-ROM games.^[187] The Monopoly CD-ROM game also allowed for play over the Internet.^[188] CD-ROM versions of the officially licensed Star Wars and FIFA World Cup '98 editions also were released.^[189] Later CD-ROM exclusive spin-offs, Monopoly Casino and Monopoly Tycoon, were also produced under license.

Various manufacturers of the game have created dozens of officially licensed versions, in which the names of the properties and other elements of the game are replaced by others according to the game's theme. The first such license was awarded in 1994, to the company that became USAopoly, starting with a San Diego edition of Monopoly and later including themes such as national parks, Star Trek, Star Wars, Nintendo, Disney characters, Pokémon, Peanuts, various particular cities (such as Las Vegas and New York City), states, colleges and universities, the World Cup, NASCAR, individual professional sports teams, and many others.^[190] USAopoly also sells special corporate editions of Monopoly.^[191] Official corporate editions have been produced for Best Buy, the Boy Scouts of America, Cornwell Quality Tools, FedEx, Target, Mariott and UPS, among others.^[192] In 1995, a second license was awarded to Winning Moves Games in Massachusetts.^[193] Winning Moves has produced a new board game and card games based on Monopoly in the United States. Winning Moves also produces official localized editions of the game in the UK, France, Germany and Australia.^{[194][195][196][197]} The Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Edition Monopoly is a special case, having been originally produced by Winning Moves in the UK, and resold by USAopoly within the US.^[198] A third license was awarded in 2000 by Hasbro to Winning Solutions, Inc., which produces specialty deluxe editions mostly for sale by specialized retailers.^[199] Other licensed localized editions of the game are being published in Nigeria and The Netherlands, among other locations.^[200][201]

When creating some of the modern licensed editions, such as the Looney Tunes and The Powerpuff Girls editions of Monopoly, Hasbro included special variant rules to be played in the theme of the licensed property. Infogrames, which has published a CD-ROM edition of Monopoly, also includes the selection of 'house rules' as a possible variant of play. Electronic Arts, which publishes current electronic versions of the game, such as for the Nintendo Wii, also includes the selection of certain house rules.

Unofficial versions of the game, which share some of the same playing features, but also incorporate changes so as not to infringe on copyrights, have been created by firms such as Late for the Sky Production Company and Help on Board. These are done for smaller cities, sometimes as charity fundraisers, and some have been created for college and university campuses. Others have non-geographical themes such as Wine-opoly and Chocolate-opoly. There is also a version called Make Your Own -OPOLY, which allows you to customize all the game equipment and rules to your liking.^[202]

Before the creation of Hasbro Interactive, and after its later sale to Infogrames, official computer and video game versions have been made available on many platforms. In addition to the versions listed above, they have been produced for Amiga, BBC Micro, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Color, GameCube, PC, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Sega Genesis, Xbox, and mobile phones. A version for Windows CE was planned in 1999.^[203] A handheld electronic game was first released in 1998 that allowed for one human player against up to three player-selected or randomly chosen AI 'personalities' out of five.^[204] A Nintendo DS release (along with Battleship, Boggle, and Yahtzee) has been published (by Atari), as well as a stand-alone edition for the same console (by EA). In 2001, Stern Pinball, Inc. released a pinball machine version of Monopoly, designed by Pat Lawlor.^[205]

House rules and custom rules[edit]

The official Parker Brothers rules and board remained largely unchanged from 1936 to 2008. Ralph Anspach argued against this during an on-air conversation with The Monopoly Book author Maxine Brady in 1975, calling it an end to 'steady progress' and an impediment to progress.^[206] Several authors who have written about the board game have noted many of the 'house rules' that have become common among players, although they do not appear in Parker Brothers' rules sheets. Gyles Brandreth included a section titled 'Monopoly Variations', Tim Moore notes several such rules used in his household in his Foreword, Phil Orbanes included his own section of variations, and Maxine Brady noted a few in her preface.^{[207][208][209][210]} Authors Noel Gunther and Richard Hutton published Beyond Boardwalk and Park Place in 1986, as a guide, per the cover, 'to making Monopoly fun again', by introducing new variations of rules and strategies.^[211] R. Wayne Schmittberger, a former editor of Games magazine, acknowledged the work of Gunther and Hutton in his own 1992 guide New Rules for Classic Games (which includes several pages of Monopoly variations and suggestions that vary from the standard rules of the game).^[212]

Anti-Monopoly, Inc. vs. General Mills Fun Group, Inc. court case 1976–1985[edit]

Starting in 1974, Parker Brothers and its then corporate parent, General Mills, attempted to suppress publication of a game called Anti-Monopoly, designed by San Francisco State University economics professor Ralph Anspach and first published the previous year.^[18] Anspach began to research the game's history, and argued that the copyrights and trademarks held by Parker Brothers should be nullified, as the game came out of the public domain. Among other things, Anspach discovered the empty 1933 Charles B. Darrow file at the United States Copyright Office, testimony from the Inflation game case that was settled out of court, and letters from Knapp Electric challenging Parker Brothers over Monopoly. As the case went to trial in November 1976, Anspach produced testimony by many involved with the early development of the game, including Catherine and Willard Allphin, Dorothea Raiford and Charles Todd. Willard Allphin attempted to sell a version of the game to Milton Bradley in 1931, and published an article about the game's early history in the UK in 1975.^[213] Raiford had helped Ruth Hoskins produce the early Atlantic City games.^[214] Even Daniel Layman was interviewed, and Darrow's widow was deposed.^[215][216] The presiding judge, Spencer Williams, originally ruled for Parker Brothers/General Mills in 1977, allowing the Monopoly trademark to stand, and allowing the companies to destroy copies of Anspach's Anti-Monopoly.^[10][217] Anspach appealed.

In December 1979, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Professor Anspach, with an opinion that agreed with the facts about the game's history and differed from Parker Brothers' 'official' account.^[218] The court also upheld a 'purchasing motivation' test (described in the decision as a 'Genericness Doctrine'), a 'test by which the trademark was valid only if consumers, when they asked for a Monopoly game, meant that they wanted Parker Brothers' version..'.^[218][219] This had the effect of potentially nullifying the Monopoly trademark, and the court returned the case to Judge Williams.^[218] Williams heard the case again in 1980, and in 1981 he again held for Parker Brothers.^[220] Anspach appealed again, and in August 1982 the appeals court again reversed.^[221][222] The case was then appealed by General Mills/Parker Brothers to the United States Supreme Court, which decided not to hear the case in February 1983, and denied a petition for rehearing in April.^[223] This allowed the appeals court's decision to stand and further allowed Anspach to resume publication of his game.^[224][225]

With the trademark nullified, the name 'Monopoly' entered the public domain, where the naming of games was concerned, and a profusion of non-Parker-Brothers variants were published. Parker Brothers and other firms lobbied the United States Congress and obtained a revision of the trademark laws.^{[219][226][227]} The case was finally settled in 1985, with Monopoly remaining a valid trademark of Parker Brothers, and Anspach assigning the Anti-Monopoly trademark to the company but retaining the ability to use it under license.^[10][228] Anspach received compensation for court costs and the destroyed copies of his game, as well as unspecified damages. He was allowed to resume publication with a legal disclaimer.^[229] Anspach later self-published a book about his research and legal fights with General Mills, Kenner Parker Toys, and Hasbro.

Legal status[edit]

Parker Brothers/Hasbro now claims trademark rights to the name and its variants, and has asserted it against others such as the publishers of Ghettopoly.^[230][231] Professor Anspach assigned the Anti-Monopoly trademark back to Parker Brothers, and Hasbro now owns it.^[10] Anspach's game remains in print. The previous publishers were a company called Talicor,^[232] but the game is currently distributed and sold by University Games worldwide.^[233][234]

Various patents have existed on the game of Monopoly and its predecessors, such as The Landlord's Game, but all have now expired. The specific graphics of the game board, cards, and pieces are protected by copyright law and trademark law, as is the specific wording of the game's rules.

Monopoly as a brand[edit]

Parker Brothers created a few accessories and licensed a few products shortly after it began publishing the game in 1935. These included a money pad and the first stock exchange add-on in 1936, a birthday card, and a song by Charles Tobias (lyrics) and John Jacob Loeb (music).^[235][236] At the conclusion of the Anti-Monopoly case, Kenner Parker Toys began to seek trademarks on the design elements of Monopoly. It was at this time that the game's main logo was redesigned to feature 'Rich Uncle Pennybags' (now 'Mr. Monopoly') reaching out from the second 'O' in the word Monopoly.^[237] To commemorate the game's 50th anniversary in 1985, the company commissioned artist Lou Brooks to redesign and illustrate the main logo as a red street sign-like banner, as well as the character Rich Uncle Pennybags reaching out of the 'O'. Brooks was also hired at the time to develop and illustrate the game's special 'Commemorative Edition' embossed tin box packaging. The art was also carried over onto the more traditional cardboard game box which was revised for the anniversary.^[238][239]

What Is An Original Monopoly Game Worth

All items stamped with the red MONOPOLY logo also feature the word 'Brand' in small print. In the mid-1980s, after the success of the first 'collector's tin anniversary edition' (for the 50th anniversary), an edition of the game was produced by the Franklin Mint, the first edition to be published outside Parker Brothers. At about the same time, McDonald's started its first Monopoly game promotions, considered the company's most successful, which continue to the present.^[240] The twentieth such promotion was sponsored in 2012.^[241]

In recent years, the Monopoly brand has been licensed onto a line of slot machines built by WMS Gaming (first introduced in 1998, six models had been made by 2000, and over 20 by 2005).^{[242][243][244]} The slots were named 'Most Innovative Gaming Product in 1999 and voted 'most popular' in 2001.^[245][246] The brand has also been licensed onto instant-win lottery tickets, and lines of 1:64 scale model cars produced by Johnny Lightning, which also included collectible game tokens.^[247][248] Other licenses have been issued for clothing and accessories, including a line of bathroom accessories.^[249] Licensee Winning Moves Games also had a Monopoly Calculator that could be used as a standard calculator, or used to aid in transactions during a game.^[250]

Old Monopoly Game Worth

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Pilon, Mary (February 13, 2015). 'Monopoly's Inventor: The Progressive Who Didn't Pass 'Go''. New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
2. ^A U.S. patent was granted in 1904 but in the autumn of 1902 an article describing the game was published in The Single Tax Review. See http://lvtfan.typepad.com/lvtfans_blog/2011/01/lizzie-magie-1902-commentary-the-landlords-game.html
3. ^Parlett, David (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN0-19-212998-8.
4. ^Monopoly Instructions from a 1999 edition, at hasbro.com
5. ^Brady, Maxine (1974). The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game (Fourth Printing, December 1974 ed.). David McKay Company, Inc. pp. 14–20. ISBN0-679-20292-7.
6. ^ ^abAlbertarelli, Spartaco (2000). '1000s Ways to Play Monopoly'(PDF). Board Games Studies. Research School CNWS, Leiden University, The Netherlands (3): 117–121. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
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8. ^Glenn, Jim; Denton, Carey (2003). The Treasury of Family Games. Amber Books Ltd. p. 15. ISBN0-7621-0431-7.
9. ^ ^ab'Monopoly – History & Fun Facts'. Hasbro. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
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11. ^'Monopoly'(PDF). Parker Brothers. 1997. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
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13. ^'Speed Die Edition' page at about.com
14. ^Monopoly Standard Edition page at amazon.com
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36. ^Parlett, pages 352-353.
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44. ^Second Edition of Finance, by Knapp Electric, Inc.
45. ^Landlord's Game and Prosperity page.
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48. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, page 140.
49. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 52.
50. ^ ^abEugene Raiford's letter to Vince Leonard dated 2 January 1964.
51. ^ ^abOrbanes, Monopoly Companion, Second edition. Page 21.
52. ^Images for the Monopoly: An American Icon exhibit at the National Museum of Play at The Strong, including a round hand-made set by Darrow from 1933
53. ^Walsh, The Playmakers, Page 49.
54. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, page 134.
55. ^Hinebaugh, Jeffrey P. (2009). A Board Game Education: Building Skills for Academic Success. Rowman & Littlefield Education. p. 72. ISBN978-1-60709-260-5.
56. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, pages 148–149.
57. ^Early Monopoly Game Box Designs.
58. ^ ^abWalsh. Page 51. The original rejection letters from Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers are reproduced on this page.
59. ^Orbanes, Philip E. (2004). The Game Makers: The Story of Parker Brothers (First ed.). Harvard Business School Press. p. 92. ISBN1-59139-269-1.
60. ^Shaw, William (16 December 2008). 'Toy stories: Combination of luck and skill that gave birth to some of our favourite games'. The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
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63. ^Orbanes. The Game Makers. Page 93.
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65. ^Spooner, Ken. 'The Knapp Electric Company'. The Knapps Lived Here. Spoonercentral.com. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
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67. ^Orbanes, Monopoly Companion Second edition. Page 24.
68. ^Rules of Rudy Copeland's Inflation Game.
69. ^Orbanes, The Game Makers. Page 103.
70. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, pages 100–101.
71. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 75–76.
72. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 76.
73. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 78.
74. ^Orbanes, Philip. 'Monopoly Memories', booklet, published in 2002 by Winning Moves Games. Included with the reproduction of the 1935 Parker Brothers Monopoly Deluxe Edition set. Page 6.
75. ^ ^abHinebaugh, A Board Game Education, p. 73
76. ^ ^abOrbanes. The Game Makers. Page 95.
77. ^Orbanes, The Game Makers. Page 98.
78. ^Watson, Victor (2008). The Waddingtons Story: From the early days to Monopoly, the Maxwell bids, and into the next millennium. Jeremy Mills Publishing. p. 78. ISBN978-1-906600-36-5.
79. ^Orbanes, The Game Makers. Pages 98–99
80. ^Watson, The Waddingtons Story, pp. 79-80.
81. ^ ^abGlonnegger, Erwin (1999). Das Spiele-Buch (Erweiterte Neuauflage ed.). Drei Magier Verlag. p. 115. ISBN3-9806792-0-9.
82. ^Orbanes, The Game Makers. Page 103
83. ^Tönnesmann, Andreas (2011). Monopoly: Das Spiel, die Stadt und das Glück (First ed.). Verlag Klaus Wagenbach. pp. 49–51. ISBN978-3-8031-5181-0.
84. ^Wenzel, Sebastian (April 2013). 'Monopoly'. In Geithner, Michael; Thiele, Martin (eds.). Nachgemacht: Spielekopien aus der DDR. DDR Museum Verlag. pp. 37–40. ISBN978-3-939801-18-4.
85. ^Tönnesmann, Monopoly. Page 56
86. ^German edition games through 1985Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, by Albert C. Veldhuis.
87. ^German edition games 1986–presentArchived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, by Albert C. Veldhuis.
88. ^Monopoly LexiconArchived 2006-10-06 at the Wayback Machine page for Italy, by Albert C. Veldhuis.
89. ^Monopoly LexiconArchived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine page for Austrian Standard Editions.
90. ^Monopoly LexiconArchived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine page for early Monopoly editions in The Netherlands, in Dutch.
91. ^Walsh. Page 56.
92. ^Orbanes. The Game Makers. Color photographic insert, page 10.
93. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine page for early Monopoly editions from Great Britain.
94. ^English introductory pageArchived 2006-10-11 at the Wayback Machine to the Monopoly Lexicon website.
95. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine page showing three hand made examples of Monopoly from the German Democratic Republic
96. ^Wenzel, Sebastian (April 2013). 'Monopoly'. In Geithner, Michael; Thiele, Martin (eds.). Nachgemacht: Spielekopien aus der DDR. DDR Museum Verlag. p. 32. ISBN978-3-939801-18-4.
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98. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine page for Hungary.
99. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for the Czech Republic
100. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine page for Poland
101. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for Croatia
102. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for Slovenia
103. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine page for Romania
104. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for Estonia
105. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for Latvia
106. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for Lithuania
107. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine page for Slovakia
108. ^Orbanes. Monopoly Memories. Pages 5–6.
109. ^Sadowski, Passing Go. Page 139.
110. ^Brady, The Monopoly Book. Page 20.
111. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 93–94.
112. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 94.
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115. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 100–101.
116. ^Orbanes. Monopoly Memories. Page 2
117. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 107.
118. ^Brady. Page 25.
119. ^Brady. Pages 26–27.
120. ^ ^abOrbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Popular Game, photo insert, page 25.
121. ^Watson, Victor. The Waddingtons Story. p. 81.
122. ^'Monopoly Lexicon'Archived 2013-07-03 at Archive.today page for special U.S. Editions
123. ^Brady, pages 21–24.
124. ^Watson, Victor. The Waddingtons Story. p. 82.
125. ^Brady. Page 20
126. ^ ^abAlbert Vehduis'Archived 2013-07-03 at Archive.today page of US Monopoly editions, 1985-present
127. ^Watson, Victor. The Waddingtons Story. pp. 180–181.
128. ^ ^abcAlbert Veldhuis'Archived 2013-05-07 at the Wayback Machine overview of Monopoly collecting.
129. ^BoardGameGeek page for Monopoly 60th Anniversary Edition.
130. ^Hasbro's news release for the new game token in its 1998–1999 campaign via the Internet Archive.
131. ^Business Wire Press Release naming the winner of the 1999 United States Monopoly Championship, and referring to game's mascot as Mr. Monopoly. Release dated October 19, 1999 archived at The Free Library
132. ^Press Release, dated October 14, 1999 featuring Pokémon-themed products, including Monopoly.
133. ^Business Wire Press Release dated February 2, 1999, archived at The Free Library.
134. ^BoardGameGeek page for 65th Anniversary Edition
135. ^BoardGameGeek page for 70th Anniversary Edition.
136. ^Hasbro.com (US)Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine page for Monopoly Here & Now World Edition.
137. ^'Calgary vies for Monopoly real estate'. CBC News. January 13, 2010.
138. ^BoardGameGeek list of 'Here & Now' themed releases, with dates.
139. ^Monopoly: Here and Now page on YouTube.
140. ^'Monopoly Takes A Chance On Plastic' from Sky News. Accessed July 24, 2006.
141. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 188.
142. ^Monopoly rules including 'Speed Die' and 'Classic' variations, from Hasbro.com.
143. ^Winning Moves'Archived 2013-05-08 at the Wayback MachineMonopoly: The Classic Edition page
144. ^Hasbro (US)Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine page for 'Free Parking' minigame.
145. ^Hasbro (US)Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine page for 'Get out of Jail' minigame.
146. ^BoardGameGeek page for U-Build Monopoly
147. ^BoardGameGeek page for Monopoly Revolution.
148. ^Hasbro.com description page
149. ^Sorrel, Charlie (9 February 2011). 'New Electronic Monopoly with Evil, All-Seeing Tower'. Wired. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
150. ^BoardGameGeek page for Monopoly Millionaire
151. ^BoardGameGeek page for Monopoly Hotels
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153. ^Brady, Tara (9 January 2013). 'Monopoly game piece vote to replace classic dog or car with something more up to date'. Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
154. ^'Meow! Hasbro unveils new token for Monopoly game'. CBS News. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
155. ^Peckham, Matt (January 9, 2013). 'Which Monopoly Piece Would You Vote Off the Board?'. Time. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
156. ^Press ReleaseArchived 2013-09-10 at the Wayback Machine for UK Golden Token Edition
157. ^Sales pageArchived 2013-07-01 at Archive.today for a Golden Token Edition release in France
158. ^Hasbro Toy Shop page for 2013 Standard Edition set, including cat token.
159. ^Interview with Victor Watson for 'Under the Boardwalk', 5/23/2009
160. ^Orbanes. Monopoly Companion Second Edition. Page 156.
161. ^Brandreth, Gyles (1985). The Monopoly Omnibus (First hardcover ed.). Willow Books. p. 185. ISBN0-00-218166-5.
162. ^Interview with Randolph P. Barton for 'Under the Boardwalk', 7/28/2008
163. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 116.
164. ^Watson, Victor. The Waddingtons Story. p. 85.
165. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 155.
166. ^Brandreth. Page 187.
167. ^Under the Boardwalk, LLC. 'Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story -- 2015 MONOPOLY Championship Info'.
168. ^'Home - 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz'.
169. ^ ^abcdefghij1973–1995 World Champions are listed in Philip Orbanes' Monopoly Companion, second edition, page 171.
170. ^ ^ab'For Those Who Can't Get Enough Of Monopoly, Here Are 1) A Book For Novices And 2) A World Champion'. CNN. 24 February 1975.
171. ^Information on the 2000Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine World Monopoly Championship from Mind Sports Worldwide's MindZine.
172. ^2003 U.S. Tournament 'Fun Facts' from hasbro.com via Internet Archive.
173. ^Press Release on Hasbro.com naming the 2004 World Monopoly Champion via Internet Archive.
174. ^Orbanes, Monopoly, Money, and You, p. 150
175. ^'Under the Boardwalk'. Twitter.
176. ^ ^abcdefghijkl1973–2003 US Champions are listed in Philip Orbanes's Monopoly Companion, third edition, page 169.
177. ^'It's only a game'. The Daily Reporter. October 27, 1977.
178. ^Orbanes, Monopoly, Money, and You, p. 107
179. ^'USA Representative Chosen! - 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz'.
180. ^Orbanes, Monopoly, Money, and You, p. 17
181. ^'Canada Crowns a MONOPOLY Champion!'. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
182. ^Quotation from the inside cover of the game booklet included with the special Canadian Edition of Monopoly, published in 1982.
183. ^Hasbro's Monopoly History and Fun Facts page
184. ^Monopoly History on hasbro.com.
185. ^Orbanes, Philip E. (1988). The Monopoly Companion (First ed.). Bob Adams, Inc. p. 190. ISBN1-55850-950-X.
186. ^List of electronic version release dates on monopolycollector.com.
187. ^U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 10-Q Quarterly Report for Hasbro, filed November 15, 1995. A launch date of October 25, 1995 for Hasbro Interactive is given in the report.
188. ^Hasbro Annual Report, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 1996.
189. ^Orbanes, Monopoly Companion Second Edition. Page 185.
190. ^USAopolyArchived 2015-07-02 at the Wayback Machine About Us page
191. ^USAopoly Corporate SalesArchived 2007-05-13 at the Wayback Machine information
192. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 203–204.
193. ^Winning Moves Games About Us page
194. ^Localized Monopoly EditionsArchived 2013-02-07 at the Wayback Machine in the UK
195. ^Localized Monopoly EditionsArchived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine in Germany
196. ^Localized Monopoly EditionsArchived 2013-07-16 at the Wayback Machine in France
197. ^Client list for localized/special Monopoly Editions in Australia
198. ^Game box and rules: Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Edition Monopoly, published 2012 by USAopoly in the United States
199. ^Winning Solutions, Inc. About Us page
200. ^Localized Monopoly EditionsArchived 2016-01-17 at the Wayback Machine in The Netherlands
201. ^Bestman Games' website featuring the first 'City Edition' of Monopoly for Africa: Lagos, Nigeria
202. ^Make Your Own -OPOLY, the first do it yourself board game.Archived 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
203. ^Hasbro Interactive Press Release dated January 7, 1999.
204. ^Monopoly Handheld game instructions
205. ^Monopoly Pinball pageArchived 2006-09-09 at the Wayback Machine at sternpinball.com.
206. ^Anspach, page 303.
207. ^Brandreth, pages 169–174.
208. ^Moore, Tim (2002). Do Not Pass Go: From the Old Kent Road to Mayfair. Vintage UK, division of Random House. p. 4. ISBN0-09-943386-9.
209. ^Orbanes, Monopoly Companion, Second Edition. Pages 140–142.
210. ^Brady, page 10
211. ^Gunther, Noel; Hutton, Richard (1986). Beyond Boardwalk and Park Place. Bantam. ISBN0-553-34341-6.
212. ^Schmittberger, R. Wayne (1992). New Rules for Classic Games. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4. ISBN0-471-53621-0.
213. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 121.
214. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, page 122.
215. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, pages 104–106 and pages 134–135.
216. ^The Anspach Archives Collection description. A list of letters and court depositions used in the Anti-Monopoly case is given on pages 4-19.
217. ^Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, page 249.
218. ^ ^abcUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth CircuitArchived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine decision in Anti-Monopoly, Inc. vs. General Mills Fun Group, dated 20 December 1979.
219. ^ ^abOrbanes, The Game Makers. Page 170.
220. ^Anspach, pages 269–271.
221. ^United States Court of Appeals, Ninth CircuitArchived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine decision in Anti-Monopoly, Inc. vs. General Mills Fun Group, dated 26 August 1982.
222. ^Anspach, page 273.
223. ^Anspach, page 286.
224. ^Partial scan of the United States Supreme Court decisionArchived 2006-10-05 at the Wayback Machine to not hear the Anti-Monopoly, Inc. vs. General Mills Fun Group, Inc. case.
225. ^Parlett, page 354.
226. ^See H.R. 4460, and S. 1440, United States Congress, First Session, 1983, H.R. 6285 and S. 1990, 98th United States Congress, Second Session, 1984. This was signed into Public Law 98-620, by Ronald Reagan on November 8, 1984.
227. ^Text of the 'Trademark Clarification Act of 1984' [PDF].
228. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 120–125.
229. ^Anspach, page 301
230. ^Bennett, Chris B. 'Racially Insensitive Game Finds New Home On Amazon'. Seattle Medium. Retrieved 2 Jan 2017.
231. ^Bennett, Chris B. 'Racially Insensitive Game Finds New Home On Amazon'. District Chronicles. Retrieved 2 Jan 2017.
232. ^Collins, Doug (November–December 1998). 'Go to Court, Go Directly to Court'. Washington Free Press. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
233. ^University GamesArchived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine USA website, Anti-Monopoly page
234. ^University Games website; Anti-Monopoly page
235. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, Appendix II, page 199
236. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, photo insert page 29.
237. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 136–137.
238. ^American Showcase Volume 9 (1986) p. 281. New York. ISBN0-931144-36-1.
239. ^Texas Monthly, Contributors, November 2008.
240. ^Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game, pages 135–136.
241. ^McDonald's Monopoly 2012 pageArchived 2013-05-09 at Archive.today - note the 20th Edition logo.
242. ^U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 8-K Filing dated September 28, 1998
243. ^WMS Press Release for a renewal of the license to produce Monopoly-themed slot machines, dated September 16, 2003
244. ^WMS Press ReleaseArchived 2013-06-30 at Archive.today dated September 6, 2005, citing 'over 20 titles of MONOPOLY-branded games'.
245. ^Business Wire Press Release, dated January 14, 1999, archived at The Free Library
246. ^WMS Press Release dated June 28, 2001, with results from Casino Player Magazine.
247. ^Illinois Lottery's 'Pick and Play' US$5 MONOPOLY lottery tickets via Internet Archive
248. ^Ohio Lottery Monopoly US$2 Instant Game via Internet Archive
249. ^Monopoly Bathroom Accessories on Canada-shops.com
250. ^Monopoly Calculator 1999 press release.

External links[edit]

Official sites[edit]

• Monopoly on Facebook

Original Monopoly Game Worth

History[edit]

Original Monopoly Board Game Value

• U.S. Patent 748,626 – Patent for the first version of The Landlord's Game, Issued Jan 5, 1904
• U.S. Patent 1,509,312 – Patent for the second version of The Landlord's Game, Issued Sep 23, 1924
• U.S. Patent 2,026,082 – Patent awarded to C.B. Darrow for Monopoly on December 31, 1935
• The History of The Landlord's Game and Monopoly.
• Online photo album of many historical U.S. Monopoly sets, from Charles Darrow's sets through the 1950s from the Fernandez Collection Sundown Farm and Ranch
• Another online photo album of early Parker Brothers and Waddington sets, 1935–1954.
• Under the Boardwalk – The MONOPOLY Story – Film detailing the early history of the game with interviews including Phil Orbanes, Randolph Barton, Victor Watson, and Charles Darrow II.

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